Properties, compatibility, environmental benefits and future directions of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) concrete: A review

Abstract

This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the production, properties and applications of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). The paper begins with an introduction to LC3 and its importance in reducing carbon emissions in the cement industry. It then discusses the raw materials used in the production of LC3 and the properties of the material, including its hydration process and thermal and X-ray diffraction analysis. The properties of LC3 concrete, including fresh, mechanical and durability properties, are also examined. The compatibility of chemical admixtures with LC3 is explored, followed by a discussion on the environmental benefits of using LC3. The paper then assesses the economic feasibility and social acceptance of LC3 in the construction industry, along with its potential impact on local communities. Case studies are provided on LC3 concrete projects. The review concludes with a discussion of future directions and research needs, including recommendations for further innovation in production and scaling up LC3 production. The findings of this review paper suggest that LC3 has significant potential for reducing the carbon footprint of the cement industry while providing an economically viable and sustainable alternative to traditional cement materials. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd