Seashell-based filler as sustainable reinforcement: a novel approach to enhance wear performance of bamboo-epoxy composites

Abstract

Seashell wastes are discarded in landfills, causing environmental problem. This study presents a novel approach to valorize seashell waste by converting them into filler particulates and incorporate it into bamboo–epoxy composites. Composites of varying clamshell filler (0–9 wt%) loading were prepared using compression molding method. The wear behavior of composites was studied under dry sliding conditions on a pin-on-disc tribometer following ASTM G99 standard. Taguchi-ANOVA method was employed for statistical analysis of results and to identify the significant factors affecting wear rate. The results showed that adding seashell particles improved the hardness and wear resistance of the bamboo composites. ANOVA results indicated that load has the maximum effect of 47.4% and speed has the effect of 29.4%. Optimal performance was achieved for 6 wt% filler addition, exhibiting 17% improvement in hardness and wear rate was reduced by 60%. The enhancement in wear resistance of bamboo composite was correlated with an increase in hardness and a decrease in damage to the impact surface, as observed in SEM micrographs. These findings establish clamshell filler as an effective reinforcement for improving wear performance of bamboo composites. © 2025 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.