Membrane distillation for ammonia separation

Abstract

This review chapter presents a broad study on ammonia separation from different sources of wastewater using the membrane distillation (MD) process. The other ammonia separation technique, that is, conventional distillation process, has also been discussed. Ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3) in wastewater are of great interest for researchers, and many methodologies have been developed for eliminating both the species. Ammonia is considered a dominant pollutant in many sources of wastewater such as industrial, domestic, and farming wastewaters, and its removal is essential for the reusage of the wastewater. Various categories of membranes, such as hollow fiber membranes, flat sheet membranes including blend, and mixed matrix membranes, are used for the ammonia eviction process. The impact of distinctive operational conditions and variables such as feed pH, feed solution temperature, feed molecule flow rate, feed concentration, feed flow velocity, feed ammonia concentration, mass flow rate, and downstream pressure on ammonia removal capability has been studied. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods have been discussed. The captivating and fascinating developments in MD for the displacement of ammonia from wastewater and their comparison and the technology of ammonia removal by the MD process were summarized. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.