Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>o</inf>) is a key variable in procedures established for estimating evapotranspiration rates of agriculture crops. As per internationally accepted procedures outlined in the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO-56), using the Penman-Monteith (PM) combination equation is the recommended approach to computing ET<inf>o</inf> from ground-based climatological observations. Applying of the PM equation requires converting input climate and site data into a number of parameters, and FAO-56 recommends exact procedures for estimating these parameters. However, a plethora of alternative procedures for estimating parameters exist in literature. As a consequence, it is likely that ambiguous results may be obtained from the FAO-56 PM equation because of the adoption of such alternative (nonrecommended) supporting equations. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate differences that could arise in FAO-56 ET<inf>o</inf> estimates if nonrecommended equations are used to compute the parameters. Using historical climate records from 1973 to 1992 of a station located in the humid tropical region of Karnataka State, India, monthly ET<inf>o</inf>, estimates computed by FAO-56 recommended procedures were statistically compared with those obtained by introducing alternative procedures for estimating parameters. In all, 13 alternative algorithms for ET<inf>o</inf> estimation were formulated, involving modified procedures for parameters associated with weighting factors, net radiation, and vapor-pressure-deficit terms of the PM equation. For the 240-month period considered, nine of these algorithms yielded ET<inf>o</inf> estimates that were in close correspondence with FAO-56 estimates as indicated by mean absolute relative difference (AMEAN) values within 1% and maximum absolute relative difference (MAXE) values within 2%. The remaining four algorithms, involving nonrecommended procedures for the vapor-pressure-deficit and net-radiation parameters, yielded considerably different ET<inf>o</inf> estimates, giving rise to AMEAN values in the range of 2 to 8% and MAXE values ranging between 8 and 28%. The results of this study highlight the need for strict adherence to recommended procedures, especially for estimating of vapor-pressure-deficit and net-radiation parameters if consistent results are to be obtained by the FAO-56 approach. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering © ASCE.

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dc.contributor.authorNandagiri, L.
dc.contributor.authorKovoor, G.M.
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-05T11:00:18Z
dc.date.issuedSensitivity of the food and agriculture organization Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration estimates to alternative procedures for estimation of parameters
dc.description.abstract2005
dc.identifier.citationJournal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering - ASCE, 2005, 131, 3, pp. 238-248
dc.identifier.issn7339437
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:3(238)
dc.identifier.urihttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/27922
dc.subjectAlgorithms
dc.subjectClimatology
dc.subjectEvapotranspiration
dc.subjectIrrigation
dc.subjectParameter estimation
dc.subjectStatistical methods
dc.subjectVapor pressure
dc.subjectClimatological observations
dc.subjectCrop evapotranspiration
dc.subjectPenman-Monteith equations
dc.subjectRadiation parameters
dc.subjectCrops
dc.subjectcrop production
dc.subjectevapotranspiration
dc.subjectPenman-Monteith equation
dc.subjectFarm Crops
dc.subjectMeteorology
dc.subjectStatistical Analysis
dc.subjectTranspiration
dc.subjectVapor Pressure
dc.titleReference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>o</inf>) is a key variable in procedures established for estimating evapotranspiration rates of agriculture crops. As per internationally accepted procedures outlined in the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO-56), using the Penman-Monteith (PM) combination equation is the recommended approach to computing ET<inf>o</inf> from ground-based climatological observations. Applying of the PM equation requires converting input climate and site data into a number of parameters, and FAO-56 recommends exact procedures for estimating these parameters. However, a plethora of alternative procedures for estimating parameters exist in literature. As a consequence, it is likely that ambiguous results may be obtained from the FAO-56 PM equation because of the adoption of such alternative (nonrecommended) supporting equations. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate differences that could arise in FAO-56 ET<inf>o</inf> estimates if nonrecommended equations are used to compute the parameters. Using historical climate records from 1973 to 1992 of a station located in the humid tropical region of Karnataka State, India, monthly ET<inf>o</inf>, estimates computed by FAO-56 recommended procedures were statistically compared with those obtained by introducing alternative procedures for estimating parameters. In all, 13 alternative algorithms for ET<inf>o</inf> estimation were formulated, involving modified procedures for parameters associated with weighting factors, net radiation, and vapor-pressure-deficit terms of the PM equation. For the 240-month period considered, nine of these algorithms yielded ET<inf>o</inf> estimates that were in close correspondence with FAO-56 estimates as indicated by mean absolute relative difference (AMEAN) values within 1% and maximum absolute relative difference (MAXE) values within 2%. The remaining four algorithms, involving nonrecommended procedures for the vapor-pressure-deficit and net-radiation parameters, yielded considerably different ET<inf>o</inf> estimates, giving rise to AMEAN values in the range of 2 to 8% and MAXE values ranging between 8 and 28%. The results of this study highlight the need for strict adherence to recommended procedures, especially for estimating of vapor-pressure-deficit and net-radiation parameters if consistent results are to be obtained by the FAO-56 approach. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering © ASCE.

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