Smart Land Registry System Using Blockchain: Challenges and Solutions

Abstract

The land registry system fosters property investment and provides security to proprietors, thereby promoting economic development. Traditional centralized systems encounter challenges such as inefficiency, malicious activity, lack of transparency, etc. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that maintains data over a network without the control of a central authority. It uses a peer-to-peer system and consensus mechanisms to validate and permanently add transaction blocks, making data tamper-proof and immutable. The blockchain-based smart land registry system offers several benefits, including efficiency, security, transparency, and immutability. Blockchains can be configured as public, private, hybrid, or consortium, each with specific advantages and use cases. The blockchain network uses a consensus mechanism to ensure that only verified transactions are added to a block. A good combination of blockchain and consensus algorithms has solved various problems in land registration. In this article, a systematic study is conducted on blockchain-based land registry systems to identify research gaps in this area. The article highlights the technologies used for developing these systems and the classification of systems based on the services provided. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.