Understanding the Role of Biological Oxygen Demand in Aquaculture Waters in the Western Delta Region of Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

The aquaculture industry with intensive farming activities has been gaining potential benefits to the nation’s economic growth and food security. However, due to intensive farming, harmful pollutants are emerging with a higher concentration of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia nitrates are more concerns. This study presents the role and assessment of BOD for the aquaculture ponds in the western delta region of Andhra Pradesh. The collected water samples at various locations in the study area have been tested for physicochemical characteristics and the test data used for BOD prediction. For evaluating the sensitivity of the prediction model, particle swarm optimization (PSO) with variations of inertia weight and damping factors is used to obtain the best global solution. As a result, prediction models developed for assessing BOD using PSO show convergent predictions. So, based on the prediction results, the implementation of prediction models of BOD using PSO could be helpful for sustainable aquaculture management in the western delta region of Andhra Pradesh. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.