Faculty Publications
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Publications by NITK Faculty
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Item A Mathematical Model for Node Mobility during Water Current and Tsunami in Underwater Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Tejaskumar, K.; Dharamdas, I.R.; Chandavarkar, B.R.In underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), the nodes deployed in the seas and oceans are not always stationary but are affected by changes in their environment. The changes may occur naturally or due to man-made interactions. Naturally occurring phenomena like earthquakes, tsunami, and water currents affect the position of the deployed nodes. The movement of nodes has an impact on the routing of packets involved in underwater communication. Thus, the mobility of nodes is an important factor that has to be taken into account when designing networking protocols for UW-ASNs. This paper talks about the motion of the nodes due to water currents and tsunami propagation. Mathematical models depicting the node's movement due to water currents and tsunami are discussed in this paper. The simulation of the node trajectories is done using UnetStack3. © 2020 IEEE.Item A framework for residual energy model in unetstack simulator for underwater sensor networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Chandavarkar, B.R.; Gadagkar, A.V.In recent years, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASN) has gained much attention from researchers because of its diverse applications. UASNs face several issues and challenges like limited bandwidth, high propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and energy constraints. Unlike the nodes in terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs), UASNs suffer from energy constraints, severely affecting the network lifetime and throughput. Simulation of UASNs is a common aspect of researchers. It facilitates analysis of the working and performance of a UASN before it is implemented and deployed, which incurs substantial time and cost. Among the different simulation platforms available for simulating UASNs, UnetStack is one, which is an efficient and well-known tool available for simulating UASN, with significant benefits. But, the present UnetStack does not provide direct functionality for monitoring the energy of nodes during simulations, which is crucial. This paper presents the design and implementation of the residual energy model framework in UnetStack. Additionally, through the experimental simulations, the number of frames transmitted received, and the depletion of node energy over time presented. Further, the implemented energy model framework able the researchers in the design of energy-aware routing protocols and load balancing methods. © 2020 IEEE.Item Expectation-Based Multi-Attribute Multi-Hop Routing (EM2R) in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Chandavarkar, B.R.; Gadagkar, A.V.Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have been a recommended technology for acquiring details from underwater. These networks has underwater sensors that have energy constraints and use acoustic communication medium. Routing in UASN is one of the primary issues, as the data need to be forwarded utilizing minimum energy and higher packet delivery rate. Deciding the next forwarding node play a significant role in routing algorithms for UASN and directly impact packet delivery and energy consumed by the nodes. This paper proposes an expectation-based multi-attribute multi-hop routing (EM2 R) in underwater acoustic sensor networks. EM2 R uses node's residual energy and distance as a multi-attribute criterion in selecting next-hop for routing. Further, the detailed implementation of EM2 R in industry-standard underwater network simulator referred to as UnetStack is presented. Additionally, the performance of EM2 R is presented with reference to the selection of the forwarding node and their energy depletion, delay, and throughput. © 2020 IEEE.Item Mitigating Neighborship Attack In Underwater Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Deshmukh, A.; Deo, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Transmission of information through Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSN) across the ocean is one of the enabling technologies for underwater communication. These advances trigger security concerns of the underlying UWSN. Due to the Sack of predictability of the movement of the nodes in such a system, secure neighbour discovery for successful information exchange is a challenge. A neighborship attack is the one which hinders neighbour discovery amongst the various nodes within the network. The wormhole attack and the Sybil attack being the prominent attacks in this category, lead to various issues if not mitigated. The consequences of these attacks can quickly scale from reduced throughput to loss of confidentiality. Moreover, conventional cryptographic algorithms are not possible to implement in a UWSN due to restrictions on the open acoustic channel and severe underwater conditions. In this paper, we propose a true-neighbour algorithm for mitigating neighborship attack in UWSN. Furthermore, the performance of this algorithm is demonstrated in UnetStack with reference to end to end packet delay, with and without implementation of the algorithm. © 2021 IEEE.Item SYBIL ATTACK SIMULATION AND MITIGATION IN UNETSTACK(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Chandavarkar, B.R.; Shantanu, T.K.Underwater networks have the potential to enable unexplored applications and to enhance our ability to observe and predict the ocean. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are often deployed in unprecedented and hostile waters and face many security threats. Applications based on UASNs such as coastal defense, pollution monitoring, assisted navigation to name a few, require secure communication. A new set of communication protocols and cooperative coordination algorithms have been proposed to enable collaborative monitoring tasks. However, such protocols overlook security as a key performance indicator. Spoofing, altering, or replaying routing information can affect the entire network, making UASN vulnerable to routing attacks such as selective forwarding, sinkhole attack, Sybil attack, acknowledgement spoofing and HELLO flood attack. The lack of security against such threats is startling if maintained that security is indeed an important requirement in many emerging civilian and military applications. In this work, we look at one of the most prevalent attacks among UASNs which is Sybill attack and discuss mitigation approaches for it. Then, feasibly implemented the attack in UnetStack3 to simulate real-life scenario. © 2021 IEEE.Item Localized Hop-Count Based Routing (LHR) Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Kumar, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is one of the emerging fields in the area of communication due to the number of applications. UASNs face several challenges like limited energy and bandwidth, high bit error rate, packet loss, node mobility, low propagation speed, and routing. Underwater routing is challenging due to the dynamic topology. Many routing protocols used in the UASNs use the hop-count of the neighbor as one of the attributes to select the next-hop. However, due to changes in underwater topology, hop count changes frequently. Obtaining up-to-date hop-count information is one of the major challenges. Many protocols send beacons periodically to update the hop-count, which creates overhead on the network. This paper proposes a Localized Hop-count based Routing (LHR) protocol, which uses a novel mechanism to determine hop-count. Hop-count in LHR is determined based on the local attributes of neighbors. LHR avoids periodic transmission of the beacons from the sink. Thereby, LHR reduces the overhead of transmitting beacons from the sink node periodically. Further, LHR makes use of metrics such as hop-count, depth, and distance for selecting the next-hop. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Cluster Formation for Underwater Routing in UnetStack3(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Das, A.P.Underwater Acoustics Sensor Networks (UASNs) are utilized in a range of underwater applications, including sea habitat monitoring, offshore research, and mineral exploration. Due to the underwater current, low bandwidth, high water pressure, fluctuations in link quality between nodes, propagation latency, and error probability, underwater communication is challenging. Because of these difficulties, data transmission in UASNs is unreliable during routing. One strategy to improve routing speed is to use an opportunistic routing technique. The sender will transmit the data to the set of neighbours in opportunistic routing such that at least one neighbour can receive and forward the data. The main processes in opportunistic routing include evaluating the adjacent nodes, picking the group of neighbours, and coordinating among the selected nodes to transfer the received data. The optimum next-hops during routing are picked. The numerous properties of neighbouring nodes are analysed and the neighbouring nodes are used for forming clusters that are utilised to choose the best next-hops. In this paper, a novel approach for sensor node clustering technique for UASNs is proposed. Here, it is assumed that the neighbours of a sender node are already ranked. A suitable algorithm like TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is employed to search for the best next-hops and determines a set of candidates to be considered for cluster formation. The protocol has been implemented and simulated in UnetStack3, an agent-based network stack for underwater communication. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item A Comprehensive Review on Result Extraction and Analysis in Underwater Network Simulators: A UnetStack Perspective(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Gadagkar, A.V.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Kushwaha, H.S.Simulation of Underwater Acoustic Sensor networks (UASNs) enables researchers to test and verify the protocols or techniques developed quickly and inexpensively. Many underwater network simulation platforms are available such as NS-2 Miracle, Aqua-Net, DESERT, SUNSET, and UnetStack. After conducting a simulation, any simulation platform typically generates a simulation trace or log file. This file has to be processed further to analyze the network performance. However, this requires writing additional scripts or programs, making processing trace files laborious, time-consuming, and prone to error. Thus, a tool that can automate this task of processing the simulation traces and extracting the required result for network performance analysis would help the researchers to focus on developing and validating their work. A few automated tools are available for specific simulators, but no such automated tool is available for the UnetStack simulator. UnetStack is a popular industry standard underwater network simulation platform used in research and development. The community edition is freely and publicly available for research and academia. This work reviews the process and the tools for result extraction and analysis. Furthermore, the work discusses details on available methods in UnetStack for extracting and analyzing the results with their limitations and the scope for building an automated trace analysis tool and finally gives concluding remarks. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.