Faculty Publications
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Item Thermal degradation and swelling of thermoplastic vulcanizates from NBR/SAN and NBR/Scrap computer plastics blends(Huthig GmbH, 2009) Anandhan, S.; Rajeev, R.S.; De, S.K.; Bhowmick, A.K.Thermoplastic elastomeric blends of nitrile rubber (NBR)/poly(styrene- coacrylonitrile) (SAN) and NBR/scrap computer plastics (SCP) based on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) were prepared. Thermoplastic elastomeric blends of NBR/SAN containing various amounts of a model waste nitrile rubber powder (w-NBR) were also prepared. Thermogravimetric analysis of the above blends was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. Both Friedman and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used for the evaluation of activation energies of thermal degradation of these blends. The dynamically vulcanised blends exhibit higher amount of activation energies for thermal degradation than the unvulcanised ones. Swelling studies were performed in various solvents having different solubility parameter values and maximum swelling was found to occur in a solvent having a solubility parameter that was closer to that of the blend components, i.e., around 20MPa1/2. Dynamically vulcan-ised blends show excellent resistance to IRM #903 oil as well as four chosen solvents possessing different solubility parameters (E).Item Preparation and characterization of CdxZn1-xS thin films by spray pyrolysis technique for photovoltaic applications(2009) Raviprakash, Y.; Bangera, K.V.; Shivakumar, G.K.CdxZn(1-x)S (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) thin films were deposited by the chemical spray pyrolysis technique using a less used combination of chemicals. Depositions were done at 573 K on cleaned glass substrates. The composition, surface morphology and structural properties of deposited films were studied using EDAX, SEM and X-ray diffraction technique. XRD studies reveal that all the films are crystalline with hexagonal (wurtzite) structure and inclusion of Cd into the structure of ZnS improved the crystallinity of the films. In the entire compositions, the (0 0 2) diffraction peak is prominent which gives lattice matching to the chalcogenide semiconductor such as CuInxGa1-xSe2 and CuIn (s1-xSex)2, which are used in photovoltaic devices. The value of lattice constant 'a' and 'c' have been observed to vary with composition from 0.382 to 0.415 nm and 0.625 to 0.675 nm, respectively. The band gap of the thin films varied from 3.32 to 2.41 eV as composition varied from x = 0.0 to 1.0. It was observed that presence of small amount of cadmium results in marked changes in the optical band gap of ZnS. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Growth, structural and optical properties of CdxZn1-xS thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis technique(2010) Raviprakash, Y.; Bangera, K.V.; Shivakumar, G.K.CdxZn(1-x)S (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) thin films were deposited by the chemical spray pyrolysis technique using a less used combination of chemicals. Depositions were done at 573 K on cleaned glass substrates. The composition, surface morphology and structural properties of deposited films were studied using EDAX, SEM and X-ray diffraction technique. XRD studies reveal that all the films are crystalline with hexagonal (wurtzite) structure and inclusion of Cd into the structure of ZnS improved the crystallinity of the films. The value of lattice constant 'a' and 'c' have been observed to vary with composition from 0.382 to 0.415 nm and 0.625 to 0.675 nm, respectively. The band gap of the thin films varied from 3.32 to 2.41 eV as composition varied from x = 0.0-1.0. It was observed that presence of small amount of cadmium results in marked changes in the optical band gap of ZnS. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item Growth and thermal studies on pure ADP, KDP and mixed K 1-x(NH4)xH2PO4 crystals(2010) Shenoy, P.; Bangera, K.V.; Shivakumar, G.K.The investigations on the formation of mixed crystals of ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (ADP) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) i.e. potassium ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, K1-x(NH 4)xH2PO4 have been presented in this paper. Pure and mixed crystals of ADP and KDP have been grown by slow evaporation technique from the supersaturated solution at an ambient temperature 26±1 °C for ammonium concentration x in the range 0.0 ? × ? 1.0 in the case of mixed crystals. Crystal compositions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The results of the X-ray analysis of the grown crystals are also reported. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to study the kinetic process of dehydration and the high temperature phase behaviour. DTA showed the distinct thermal events attributed to dehydration of ADP, KDP and K1-x(NH4)xH2PO4. The results of thermal analysis and chemical analysis are consistent with each other. © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Item Microwave-assisted synthesis and magnetic studies of cobalt oxide nanoparticles(2011) Bhatt, A.S.; Bhat, D.K.; Tai, C.-W.; Santosh, M.S.An efficient microwave-assisted route has been used to synthesize nanoparticles of cobalt oxide. The particles were well characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which showed that the average diameter of the particles is around 6 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies further confirmed the formation of the spinel Co3O4. Purity of the products was detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with thermal gravimetric analysis (TG/DTG). The magnetic measurements revealed a small hysteresis loop at room temperature indicating a weak ferromagnetic nature of the synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetic moment of the particles was measured to be 4.27 ?eff. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item New polypropylene supported chitosan NF-membrane for desalination application(2011) Padaki, M.; Isloor, A.M.; Fernandes, J.; Prabhu, K.N.In the present study, a new NF membrane was prepared by coating chitosan on polypropylene fiber support, by the dissolution of chitosan in 2% acetic acid solution. The resulting membrane was characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, water absorption, contact angle measurement and scanning electron microscopy. Prepared membrane showed two Tg peaks, one at ~90 °C that was due to chitosan and the other peak at ~170 °C that was corresponding to the supporting polypropylene membrane. The membrane showed a low swelling ratio at pH 7, 9, and 11 as compared with pH 5. The performance of the membrane was assessed out using dead end cell. Water flux was studied at different pressures. The salt rejection study was done using NaCl solution and the effect of pH on performance of the membrane was also examined. Newly prepared membrane showed improved water flux, and % of rejection is highest in acidic pH and lowest in basic pH. Hydrulic permeability coefficient and the dielectric constant confirms that the prepared membrane is nanofiltration membrane. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.Item Synthesis, microhardness, FT-IR, and thermal decomposition of semiorganic antimony thiourea bromide monohydrate single crystals(2012) Mahesha Upadhya, K.; Udayashankar, N.K.Antimony thiourea bromide monohydrate (ATBM) single crystals were grown by a solution growth technique at room temperature. Microhardness studies on the grown crystal were carried out using the Vickers microhardness tester to estimate the mechanical strength of the crystal. The FT-IR analysis ascertains the presence of a metal-sulphur bond in ATBM crystals. The thermal decomposition of ATBM crystals was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.Item Synthesis and characterization of schiff base metal complexes and reactivity studies with malemide epoxy resin(Korean Chemical Society sunlee@kcsnet.or.kr, 2012) Lakshmi, B.; Shivananda, K.N.; Prakash, G.A.; Isloor, A.M.; Mahendra, K.N.A novel malemide epoxy containing Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions have been synthesized by curing malemide epoxy resin (MIEB-13) and Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of macrocyclic bis-hydrazone Schiff base. The Schiff base was synthesized by reacting 1,4-dicarbnyl phenyl dihydrazide with 2,6-diformyl-4-methyl phenol. The Schiff base and its Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (IR, 1H NMR, UV-vis., FAB mass, ESR), thermal and magnetic data. The curing reaction of maleimide epoxy compound with metal complexes was studied as curing agents. The stability of cured samples was studied by thermo-gravimetric analyses and which have excellent chemical (acid/alkali/solvent) and water absorption resistance. Further, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and definitional scanning colorimetric (DSC) techniques were confirmed the phase homogeneity of the cured systems.Item Synthesis, characterization, and nonlinear optical properties of donor-acceptor conjugated polymers and polymer/Ag nanocomposites(2012) Murali, M.G.; Udayakumar, U.; Sridharan, K.Two new donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers P1 and P2 containing 3,4-didodecyloxythiophene and 1,3,4-oxadiazole units are synthesized via Wittig reaction methodology. Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal that the polymers are both p and n dopable, and possess low-lying LUMO energy levels (-3.34 eV for P1 and -3.46 eV for P2) and high-lying HOMO energy levels (-5.34 eV for P1 and -5.27 eV for P2). The optical band gap of the polymers is in the range of 2.25-2.29 eV, calculated from the onset absorption edge. The polymers emit orange to yellow light in the film state when irradiated with a UV light. The synthesized polymers are used to prepare polymer nanocomposites with different wt% of silver nanoparticles. The polymer nanocomposites are characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Both polymers and polymer/ Ag nanocomposites show good thermal stability with onset decomposition temperature around 300 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The nonlinear optical properties of polymers and polymer/Ag nanocomposites are measured by Z-scan technique. Both polymers and polymer nanocomposites show a good optical limiting behavior. Nearly five times enhancement in the nonlinear optical properties is observed for polymer/Ag nanocomposites. The value of effective two-photon absorption coefficient (?) is in the order of 10 -10-10 -11 m/W. These results indicate that the synthesized polymers (P1 and P2) and their Ag nanocomposites are expected to be good candidates for application in photonic devices. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.Item Parametric study of manufacturing ultrafine polybenzimidazole fibers by electrospinning(Springer, 2012) Anandhan, S.; Ponprapakaran, K.; Senthil, T.; George, G.Polybenzimidazole (PBI), a high performance polymer, was synthesized from 3,3?-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and isophthalic acid (IPA) through polycondensation. The chemical structure of PBI was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal characterization of PBI was done by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. PBI nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning of N, N-dimethyl acetamide solutions of PBI of different solution concentrations, at different voltages. The effects of solution and process parameters (namely, solution concentration and DC voltage) on morphology and average diameter of electrospun PBI fibers were investigated. The electrospun ultrafine fibers' diameter and morphology were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. Nanofibers were obtained only from PBI solutions of concentrations 12 and 14 % (w/v). At concentrations of 8, 10, and 16 %, fibers could not be obtained. The process parameters were optimized by using the statistical tool, factorial or two-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), DOE (design of experiments) and the results indicate that the applied voltage and the interaction of voltage and solution concentration are influential in determining the diameter and morphology of the electrospun ultrathin PBI fibers. Electrospun PBI fibers, as small as 56 nm, could be successfully produced by using the right combination of solution concentration and spinning voltage. © 2012 Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology.