Faculty Publications
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Publications by NITK Faculty
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Item Ubiquitous greenhouse monitoring system(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016) Rao, K.; Srijana, K.; Prasad, D.; Chandrasekaran, K.A greenhouse is a structure generally made of glass, designed to provide protection and controlled environment to raise plants indoors. In order to achieve high quality and quantity of produce, proper management and data collection of the greenhouse environment is required. Manual practice of plant monitoring is laborious and time consuming. The proposed greenhouse system is an application which demonstrates the concept of Internet of Things and involves ubiquitous monitoring and controlling of environmental parameters within the greenhouse, which directly or indirectly control the plant growth and so their production. The system thus designed, mainly aims to remotely monitor and control the greenhouse using temperature sensor, light sensor, soil moisture, water level sensor and actuators through a customized webpage. Moreover, real-time representation of the sensed data is graphically plotted as well as stored for improved monitoring and further analysis, illustrating the concept of cloud instrumentation. © 2015 IEEE.Item IoT based Smart Management of Poultry Farm and Electricity Generation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Sitaram, K.A.; Ankush, K.R.; Anant, K.N.; Raghunath, B.R.Poultry is one of the most important growing economic segments of agricultural sector in India today. Nowadays because of standardized farming management and good manufacturing practices, chicken production in the world has been increasing gradually. In contemporary world automation plays a vital role and concept of Internet of Things (IOT) is also emerging very fast, there is an approach to convert traditional systems into automated systems. The paper focuses on automation of poultry farm using IoT technology to perform various management related things. The environmental factors which affect the health of chicken such as temperature, humidity, light and Ammonia gas are monitored and the manual jobs like food feeding, water supply system, cleanliness are managed. If all these parameters are maintained, the production and quality of chicken increases. Along with this, electricity is generated from the methane gas which is produced from the chicken manure and stored in battery. The management and monitoring of the farm can also be done through a web based system. Which keeps track of the management of poultry farm from anywhere and at any time. © 2018 IEEE.Item Design and Development of an IoT-Based Gas Monitoring System for Underground Coal Mines(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Tripathi, A.K.; Mangalpady, M.; Rao, N.R.N.V.; Ray, S.Safety in underground coal mines is a major challenge whenever the mine comprises of toxic gases. The risk of the presence of gas influences the overall productivity of the mines, which is a subject of concern to the mining industry. Therefore, there is a need for real-time monitoring of underground mine environment, so that the miners can be safeguarded in case of presence of toxic gases. In this paper, an attempt was made to evolve and validate an Internet of Things (IoT)-based gas monitoring system for monitoring underground coal mines environment, which includes multiple sensors for real-time measurement of different gases. The developed IoT-based gas monitoring system was tested and validated in the laboratory, under the controlled environmental conditions, for the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) gases. Further, the test results were compared with the readings obtained by the digital multi-gas detector, which confirmed that the developed real-time gas monitoring system yields a good result. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Enhanced pH Sensitivity of ISFET via TiO2 Gate Doping: A Novel Approach(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Herur, S.M.; Sharath Balaji, T.; Singh, M.This paper presents the simulation and analysis of an Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET)-based pH sensor designed for accurate detection of ion concentrations through variations in gate voltage. The ISFET structure replaces the conventional gate of a MOSFET with an electrolyte and titanium dioxide (TiO2) doping, enabling the sensing of pH levels via ion-gate dielectric interactions. In this study, potassium chloride (KCl) is used as the electrolyte, and its influence on the ISFET's electrical behavior is systematically analyzed. The output characteristics, including the drain current (Id) versus drain-source voltage (Vds) under varying gate-source voltages (Vgs), are obtained using COMSOL simulation. The semiconductor and electrolyte models are meticulously coupled to ensure a realistic representation, capturing the ion-sensitive interface's behavior. A simplified global equation technique is employed to derive critical operating parameters efficiently, without explicitly modeling the feedback circuitry. The ISFET's performance is further evaluated by analyzing its sensitivity to pH variations and extracting relevant electrical characteristics for optimization. This work provides a comprehensive approach to simulating ISFET-based pH sensors, highlighting its potential for efficient and precise pH measurement in biochemical and industrial applications. © 2025 IEEE.Item Precision Agriculture Using IOT Technology with a Case Study of Coffee Beans Production(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Pawar, S.; Samaga, B.L.R.; Pandit, K.; Nayak, V.; Geetha, V.; Thinakaran, R.World population is rapidly increasing which requires similar increase in food production. Agriculture is playing an important role in the world economy. Nowadays precision agriculture is the best method to be practiced by the farmers. Sensors, communication technology, and data analysis are building blocks of smart farming in precision agriculture process. This paper is focused on a survey of precision agriculture using IOT and details about various sensors used with a case study of Coffee beans production in Coffee estate. Various sensors used in pre-production, production, and post-production of coffee beans are discussed. This paper also addresses the need of communication technology and its ranges for suitability of smart farming, besides a review is conducted on applications of IOT in various tasks of precision agriculture. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item Energy efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey(2011) Shivaprakasha, K.S.; Kulkarni, M.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become one of the emerging trends of the modern communication systems. They find their applications in various fields like habitat monitoring, home automation, environment monitoring, battle field environment etc. WSNs are different from Mobile Adhoc Networks in the perspective of energy awareness, adaptive communication patterns and the routing algorithms. As the sensor devices are powered by batteries, which cannot be recharged often, the power awareness is one of the major requirements in WSNs. Many energy aware routing protocols have been proposed in the literature. In this survey, an attempt has been made to summarize the various energy aware routing protocols available in the literature and also a comparative analysis of these has been made considering various network parameters like the delay, routing overhead, QoS, type of routing protocol etc. © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.Item Performance of a class of multi-robot deploy and search strategies based on centroidal voronoi configurations(2013) Guruprasad, K.R.; Ghose, D.This article considers a class of deploy and search strategies for multi-robot systems and evaluates their performance. The application framework used is deployment of a system of autonomous mobile robots equipped with required sensors in a search space to gather information. The lack of information about the search space is modelled as an uncertainty density distribution. The agents are deployed to maximise single-step search effectiveness. The centroidal Voronoi configuration, which achieves a locally optimal deployment, forms the basis for sequential deploy and search (SDS) and combined deploy and search (CDS) strategies. Completeness results are provided for both search strategies. The deployment strategy is analysed in the presence of constraints on robot speed and limit on sensor range for the convergence of trajectories with corresponding control laws responsible for the motion of robots. SDS and CDS strategies are compared with standard greedy and random search strategies on the basis of time taken to achieve reduction in the uncertainty density below a desired level. The simulation experiments reveal several important issues related to the dependence of the relative performances of the search strategies on parameters such as the number of robots, speed of robots and their sensor range limits. © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Rhodamine-based Cu2+-selective fluorosensor: Synthesis, mechanism, and application in living cells(2013) Sikdar, A.; Roy, S.; Haldar, K.; Sarkar, S.; Panja, S.S.A rhodamine B-based fluorescence probe (1) for the sensitive and selective detection of Cu2+ ion has been designed and synthesized using pyridine moiety. The optical properties of this compound have been investigated in acetonitrile-water binary solution (7:3 v/v). Compound 1 is found to be an excellent sensor for a biologically/physiologically very important transition metal ion (Cu2+) using only the two very different modes of measurements (absorption and emission); one case displayed intensity enhancement whereas in other case showed intensity depletion (quenching). A mechanistic investigation has been performed to explore the static nature of quenching process. The sensor has been found to be very effective in sensing Cu 2+ ion inside living cells also. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.Item Heterogeneous locational optimisation using a generalised Voronoi partition(2013) Guruprasad, K.R.; Ghose, D.In this paper a generalisation of the Voronoi partition is used for locational optimisation of facilities having different service capabilities and limited range or reach. The facilities can be stationary, such as base stations in a cellular network, hospitals, schools, etc., or mobile units, such as multiple unmanned aerial vehicles, automated guided vehicles, etc., carrying sensors, or mobile units carrying relief personnel and materials. An objective function for optimal deployment of the facilities is formulated, and its critical points are determined. The locally optimal deployment is shown to be a generalised centroidal Voronoi configuration in which the facilities are located at the centroids of the corresponding generalised Voronoi cells. The problem is formulated for more general mobile facilities, and formal results on the stability, convergence and spatial distribution of the proposed control laws responsible for the motion of the agents carrying facilities, under some constraints on the agents speed and limit on the sensor range, are provided. The theoretical results are supported with illustrative simulation results. © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Tuning characteristics of Co3O4 nanofiber mats developed for electrochemical sensing of glucose and H2O2(Elsevier B.V., 2016) George, G.; Anandhan, S.Nano-crystalline Co3O4 nanofibrous mats were fabricated by calcining the precursor nanofibers obtained by electrospinning of a sol comprising of a unique polymeric binder poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and cobalt acetate tetrahydrate in water. The influence of the calcination temperature used for the synthesis of the oxide nanofibers from the xerogel fibers on various physico-chemical properties of the former was studied. The Co3O4 nanofibers obtained at 400 °C had the highest electrochemical sensitivity towards glucose and H2O2. Further, the results prove that Co3O4 nanofibers can be used for the detection of glucose and H2O2 concurrently as the response times taken by these moieties are different. Therefore, one can differentiate the concentration of glucose and H2O2 by analyzing the signals obtained after the respective response time and this multiple sensitivity of Co3O4 can be applied in the field of biosensors. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.