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Domestic water use efficiency and circular economy
(Elsevier, 2025) Nikhil, S.; Sridevi, S.; Rao, C.S.; Gudapati, G.
Water is essential for economic growth because it interacts with the manufacturing, agricultural, and energy segments. Sustainable practices in household water management involve preserving water resources and mitigating the environmental effects of water extraction, treatment, and disposal. One can minimize wastewater and encourage resource efficiency by optimizing water use inside households through technology, practices, and policies to reduce water consumption, such as gray water systems, low-flow fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and water recycling systems. In addition to improving the condition of agronomic soils, reusing treated wastewater for irrigation may reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is in line with the circular economy's tenets, which include reducing waste, recycling materials, mitigating economic uncertainty, and optimizing resource use throughout the lifespan of a product. Implementing circular water management techniques at home promotes resource stewardship and builds a more resilient and sustainable water system. This chapter explains how the framework may improve resilience and reduce emissions while making sustainability more financially and ecologically viable. Encouraging water-saving practices among families is essential for increasing water usage efficiency, in addition to technical solutions. The adoption of the suggested efficiency indices to improve urban water conservation tactics for the majority of water consumption. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The irrigation potential of a tank system, thousands of which are found in South India, depends upon a number of factors other than water availability. These factors are mainly influenced by the agricultural technology adopted, food practices of people and livestock, the interdependence of land-human-livestock components of life, and socioeconomic practices prevailing in rural areas. The system needs to pertain not only to grain yield but also to fodder production. In semiarid regions of India, uneven distribution and insufficient rainfall during the initial crop season develops water stress in plants. Relatively higher irrigation efficiency, which is possible to attain in tank systems, leads to an increase in the energy resources required for various agricultural operations. An attempt is made in this paper to investigate the effect of these factors on the optimal use of irrigation potential of a minor irrigation tank system. The method involves developing a linear programming (LP) model to optimize the net profit from the system and to determine the optimal cropping pattern under the influence of various parameters, e.g., animal power, labor, fodder production, the resources of farmers, and the nutritional energy requirement of the system, in addition to water availability. The crucial nature of these factors as well as the irrigation efficiency is analyzed. The solution reveals the effectiveness of prevailing agricultural practices consistent with the availability of water resources in the initial crop season. © ASCE.
(Systems analysis of tank irrigation: I. crop staggering) Mayya, S.G.; Prasad, R.
1989
Tank irrigation systems in the semiarid regions of India are discussed in this paper. To optimize the grain yield of rice, it is essential to start the agricultural operations in the second week of July so that favorable climatic conditions will prevail during flowering and yield formation stages. Because of low inflow during the initial few weeks of the crop season, often farmers are forced to delay planting until sufficient sowing rain and inflow have occurred or to adopt deficit irrigation during this period. The delayed start affects the grain yield, but will lead to an improved irrigation efficiency. A delayed start of agricultural operations with increased irrigation efficiency leads to the energy resources becoming critical during the peak requirement week, particularly those of female labor and animal power. This necessitates augmenting these resources during weeks of their peak use, either by reorganizing the traditional methods of cultivation or by importing from outside the system. © ASCE.
(Systems analysis of tank irrigation: II. delayed start and water deficit) Prasad, R.; Mayya, S.G.
1989
Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is a key variable in procedures established for estimating evapotranspiration rates of agriculture crops. As per internationally accepted procedures outlined in the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO-56), using the Penman-Monteith (PM) combination equation is the recommended approach to computing ETo from ground-based climatological observations. Applying of the PM equation requires converting input climate and site data into a number of parameters, and FAO-56 recommends exact procedures for estimating these parameters. However, a plethora of alternative procedures for estimating parameters exist in literature. As a consequence, it is likely that ambiguous results may be obtained from the FAO-56 PM equation because of the adoption of such alternative (nonrecommended) supporting equations. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate differences that could arise in FAO-56 ETo estimates if nonrecommended equations are used to compute the parameters. Using historical climate records from 1973 to 1992 of a station located in the humid tropical region of Karnataka State, India, monthly ETo, estimates computed by FAO-56 recommended procedures were statistically compared with those obtained by introducing alternative procedures for estimating parameters. In all, 13 alternative algorithms for ETo estimation were formulated, involving modified procedures for parameters associated with weighting factors, net radiation, and vapor-pressure-deficit terms of the PM equation. For the 240-month period considered, nine of these algorithms yielded ETo estimates that were in close correspondence with FAO-56 estimates as indicated by mean absolute relative difference (AMEAN) values within 1% and maximum absolute relative difference (MAXE) values within 2%. The remaining four algorithms, involving nonrecommended procedures for the vapor-pressure-deficit and net-radiation parameters, yielded considerably different ETo estimates, giving rise to AMEAN values in the range of 2 to 8% and MAXE values ranging between 8 and 28%. The results of this study highlight the need for strict adherence to recommended procedures, especially for estimating of vapor-pressure-deficit and net-radiation parameters if consistent results are to be obtained by the FAO-56 approach. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering © ASCE.
(Sensitivity of the food and agriculture organization Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration estimates to alternative procedures for estimation of parameters) Nandagiri, L.; Kovoor, G.M.
2005
Assessment of soil moisture uptake under different salinity levels for paddy crop
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org, 2016) Devatha, C.P.; Shankar, V.; Ojha, C.S.P.
The core of salinity problems starts from the fact that irrigation waters contain some amount of dissolved salts. Soil moisture salinity is dependent on soil type, climate, water use, and irrigation. The root water-uptake pattern for paddies is studied for saline as well as nonsaline conditions in the present study using a nonlinear root water uptake model. Field crop experiments are carried out using irrigation water with two different levels of salinity (4 and 6.25 dS=m) and fresh water. The effect of salinity on soil moisture uptake is studied by two approaches, i.e., effect on crop coefficient and effect on hydraulic conductivity. Based upon the experimental observations for lowsaline (4 dS=m), high-saline (6.25 dS=m), and freshwater conditions, an exponential form of an equation is established for the hydraulic conductivity. The results obtained for soil moisture depletion in the crop root zone show significant improvement in prediction of soil moisture uptake for saline cases with the use of the obtained nonlinearity parameter. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Impact of climate change on crop yields: Evidence from irrigated and dry land cultivation in semi-arid region of India
(L and H Scientific Publishing, LLC, 2020) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.
With population pressure constantly growing in India the crop productivity is struggling hard to catch up. Erratic rainfall and steady rise in temperature create widely uncertain outcomes for the farming communities. Against this backdrop, the present study has used a climate dataset constructed at a finer spatial level from a southern Indian state namely Karnataka to analyze the yield response of rice and maize crops to climate change. Using a time period from 1992 to 2012, a panel dataset has been made at the district level. The fixed effect regression results show that rice and maize productivity has been impacted adversely due to a steady rise in temperature in the state. The extent of damage is found to be 7% to 10%. Further, the study has also probed the role of irrigation as a climate adaptation strategy and has found out that adverse yield impact is reduced in the presence of irrigation. These findings provide some specific directions for policy framing to curb yield damage arising from climate variability. © 2020 L&H Scientific Publishing, LLC.
Optimization modeling for conjunctive use planning in Upper Damodar River basin, India
(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Jha, M.K.; Singh, L.K.; Nayak, G.K.; Chowdary, V.M.
Canal irrigated regions often suffer from twin problems of waterlogging and salinity as well as water scarcity in the absence of proper irrigation planning, particularly in developing nations. There is an urgent need to adopt the concept of ‘Conjunctive Use’ in practice for the sustainable management of land and water resources in canal commands. Considering real-world conditions, this study demonstrates a framework for conjunctive use planning using optimization modeling through a case study in the Upper Damodar River basin of Eastern India. A resource optimization model was developed taking into account spatial, seasonal and climatic variability of water supply, crop irrigation requirements and Dynamic Groundwater Reserve (DGWR) as well as considering DGWR as the available groundwater resource, which are unique in this study. The optimization model was solved for ‘Normal’ and ‘Dry’ climatic conditions considering four scenarios that represent optimal conjunctive use plans for four realistic situations. The results of optimization modeling indicated that it is possible to obtain the net annual benefits of Rs. 24818.00 million during ‘Normal’ years and Rs. 14679.00 million during ‘Dry’ years due to the efficient allocation of land and existing water supplies to current cropping patterns. If the available DGWR is fully utilized for irrigation along with the existing surface water supply, these net benefits can be increased by 197% during ‘Normal’ years and 267% during ‘Dry’ years. Thus, the developed optimal conjunctive use plans are promising and reasonable for significantly increasing farmers’ returns even during ‘Dry’ climatic condition. Based on the findings of this study, efficient management strategies could be formulated by the concerned planners/decision makers and practicing engineers to ensure sustainable management of land and water resources in the study area, which in turn can guarantee sustainable agricultural production and water security on a long-term basis. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Studies on application of vertical axis hydro turbine for sustainable power generation in irrigation channels with different bed slopes
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Shashikumar, S.; Honnasiddaiah, R.; Hindasageri, V.; Madav, V.
The present work is carried out to study the performance of a Savonius rotor for small-scale hydropower generation. It has been observed that some of the irrigation channels available in the rural areas are having enough bed slope to generate kinetic energy, which can be harnessed through a Savonius rotor. An in-house fabricated scale-down model of the Savonius rotor is tested at an inclination of the re-circulating indoor multipurpose tilting flume at 0°, 0.5°, 1.0°, 1.5° and 2.0° to determine performance under controlled conditions. It is observed that at the tip speed ratio of 0.92 and channel inclination of 0.5° compared to 0° inclination, the coefficient of power and coefficient of torque improved to 40% and 10%, respectively. Furthermore, it is found that the torque and power developed by the turbine are maximum at a bed slope of 2.0° owing to the maximum available energy. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

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