Faculty Publications

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Publications by NITK Faculty

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    The effect of cyclo- alkane in Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) B20 fuel on a single cylinder di diesel engine
    (Korean Society of Combustion, 2013) Varghese, G.; Mohanan, P.
    Diesel engine combustion generates large amounts of oxides of nitrogen due to the presence of oxygen and nitrogen in the combustion chambers at high flame-temperatures. The main component of total cost of producing bio-diesel comprises the cost of raw materials. The use of a low cost feedstock such as Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) can help make biodiesel much cheaper than diesel derived from petroleum sources. Waste cooking oil, which is otherwise wasted, is one of the most economical choices to produce biodiesel [1]. In this investigation, Cyclo- Pentane and Cyclo- Hexane were used as blend-components. The scope of this work also includes studies on various fuel-blends of B20 with varying percentages of blend-components, and comparisons to fossil-based diesel. The studies performed also include investigations on the emission characteristics of B20 with blend-components at different loading conditions. The tests performed indicate that the use of B20 with 1.5% cyclo-hexane as a blend-component, resulted in a significant reduction in NOx emissions by 4% when compared to fossil-based diesel, at a normal injection timing of 27.5° before-top dead-center (btdc), at full-load conditions. It was also observed that the B20 blend with 1% cyclo-pentane possessed the lowest smoke opacity of/by 36% at full-load conditions.
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    Experimental analysis of cardanol biofuel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines with air-side oxygen enrichment
    (Trans Tech Publications Ltd ttp@transtec.ch, 2014) Dinesha, P.; Nayak, V.; Kumar, D.; Mohanan, P.
    The present study investigates the effect of air-side oxygen concentration enrichment on the performance and emission of a single cylinder diesel engine using a bio-fuel blend as fuel. In this study, a natural phenolic compound, namely, cardanol is selected as the bio-fuel, which is obtained from the shell of cashew nut after purification. A blend of B10M10 (10% cardanol +10% methanol + 80% diesel by volume) is prepared and tested in the engine at various loading conditions. The experiments are carried out at atmospheric oxygen condition and an increment of 3, 5, and 7% of atmospheric oxygen concentration by weight. There is a drastic reduction in HC, CO, and smoke except for NOx emission. The level of NOx emission increases as the oxygen concentration in the intake air is increased. The performance characteristic will increase as the oxygen concentration increases, and higher brake thermal efficiency is obtained for B10M10 at 7% oxygen concentration. B10M10 with 7% oxygen enrichment gives better results, similar to diesel, except for NOx emission. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    An Experimental Study on Combustion and Emission Analysis of Four Cylinder 4-Stroke Gasoline Engine Using Pure Hydrogen and LPG at Idle Condition
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2016) Chitragar, P.R.; Shivaprasad, K.V.; Nayak, V.; Bedar, P.; Kumar, G.N.
    Fluctuation in oil prices and stricter exhaust emission norms were the main reasons wakening every researcher to search for suitable and feasible alternative fuels for automotive use. Among the available option gaseous fuels find their best position because of their compatible physical-chemical properties and ecofriendly nature than present fossil fuels. Hydrogen's combustion properties like high energy content, high heating value, wide range of flammability and low ignition energy with almost least toxic emissions are favorable to use in an IC engine as an alternative fuel. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) has lower carbon content, higher calorific value, octane number and flame propagation speed will improve the emission results compared to gasoline fuel. This paper describes an experimental results carried out to evaluate the combustion and emission performance of a Maruti Suzuki make, spark ignited four cylinders, four stroke engines at idle condition by using pure hydrogen, LPG and gasoline. The engine was adjoined with Electronic Control Unit (ECU) assisting hydrogen and LPG injector system keeping gasoline line unchanged. Tests were carried out by using compressed hydrogen gas regulated by two stage pressure reduction from cylinder to atmospheric value and by using vaporizer pressure for LPG. For comparison engine was run first by gasoline and then by pure hydrogen and LPG. Study revealed that there was increment of 13% cylinder pressure for pure hydrogen and decrement of 4.5% cylinder pressure for LPG when compared to gasoline. The burn duration for pure hydrogen, LPG and gasoline were found to be increasing respectively which infers that hydrogen has very short combustion duration and gasoline higher. It was observed that toxic emissions like Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) were improved for pure hydrogen than LPG and gasoline. © 2016 The Authors.
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    Performance Testing of Diesel Engine using Cardanol-Kerosene oil blend
    (EDP Sciences edps@edpsciences.com, 2018) Ravindra, n.; Mangalpady, M.; Harsha, V.
    Awareness of environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion has necessitated the use of biofuels in engines which have a relatively cleaner emissions. Cardanol is a biofuel, abundantly available in India, which is a by-product of cashew processing industries. In this study performance of raw Cardanol blended with kerosene has been tested in diesel engine. Volumetric blend BK30 (30% kerosene and 70% Cardanol) has been used for the test. The properties like flash point, viscosity and calorific value of the blend have been determined. The test was carried out in four stroke diesel engine connected with an eddy current dynamometer. Performance of the engine has been analysed by finding the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The results showed that the brake thermal efficiency of the blend is 29.87%, with less CO and smoke emission compared to diesel. The results were also compared with the performance of Cardanol diesel blend and Cardanol camphor oil blend, which were already tested in diesel engines by other researchers. Earlier research work reveals that the blend of 30% camphor oil and 70% Cardanol performs very closer to diesel fuel with a thermal efficiency of 29.1%. Similarly, higher brake thermal efficiency was obtained for 20% Cardanol and 80% diesel blend. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018.
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    The potential of nanoparticle additives in biodiesel: A fundamental outset
    (American Institute of Physics Inc. subs@aip.org, 2020) Soudagar, M.E.M.; Ghazali, N.-N.; Akram, N.; Al-Rashid, M.A.; Badruddin, I.A.; Khan, H.; Kallannavar, V.; Shahpurkar, K.; Afzal, A.; Farade, R.; Taqui, S.N.; Ukkund, S.J.
    Biodiesel is an unparalleled alternative fuel source envisioned to encompass the significance of diesel fuel and reduce greenhouse gas emissions because to its locked carbon cycle. However, it increases the nitrogen oxide emission, regular engine parts replacement due to clogging, and is not suitable in cold weather conditions. The addition of nanoparticles (metallic, non-metallic, oxygenated, organic and amalgamation) with diesel-biodiesel emulsion fuels results in an enhancement in the engine performance, thermo-physical properties, enrichment in the heat transfer rate, the equilibrium of the fuel mixtures and drop in the exhaust emissions reliant on the prescription of nanoparticle additives. The review intends to demonstrate the most recent nanoparticle additives used in diesel-biodiesel fuels. © 2020 Author(s).
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    Comparison and Feasibility Study of Hexanol/Diesel/Pongamia Biodiesel Blend on Engine Characteristics of a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine
    (SAE International, 2024) Santhosh, S.; Shahapur, S.; Kumar, G.N.; Ravikumar, K.N.; Raghavendra Reddy, N.V.
    In this work, the impact of hexanol/diesel/biodiesel blend on engine characteristics of a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine was studied. Biodiesel is more viscous in nature and higher cetane count, hexanol has a lower viscosity and cetane count. The drawbacks of both biodiesel and hexanol can be overcome by blending both hexanol and biodiesel with diesel fuel in the right proportion. Tests were carried out using a 4-stroke CRDI engine with two cylinders. Biodiesel and 1-hexanol were blended in a ratio of 10% each by volume with diesel and compared with B10D90 and B20D80 blends. It was noted that the addition of hexanol enhances the combustion characteristics of the engine. At 20% load H10B10D80 showed71.34 bar which is highest compared to other fuels in the test. The blends had a positive effect on emissions, there was drastic reduction in NOx was noticed, also HC and CO emission was lower than diesel emissions. The lowest CO, and HC emission is obtained for H10B10D80, which is 66%, 92% lower at 60% load compared to baseline readings. However, the blend had a slight negative effect on performance in contrast to diesel. The higher latent heat of vaporization of hexanol led to low temperature combustion contributing to the lowest NOx emissions. The combination of both hexanol and Pongamia biodiesel with diesel showed an effective reduction in greenhouse gases. Which will also reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The lower carbon content of 1-hexanol contributes towards carbon neutrality. Overall, the hexanol and biodiesel are sustainable alternatives to the diesel fuel. © 2024 SAE International. All rights reserved.
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    Combustion and emission characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated with mahua oil and liquefied petroleum gas
    (Serbian Society of Heat Transfer Engineers, 2008) Nadar, K.N.; Reddy, R.P.
    For the present work, a single cylinder diesel engine was modified to work in dual fuel mode. To study the feasibility of using methyl ester of mahua oil as pilot fuel, it was used as pilot fuel and liquefied petroleum gas was used as primary fuel. In dual fuel mode, pilot fuel quantity and injector opening pressure are the few variables, which affect the performance and emission of dual fuel engine. Hence, in the present work pilot fuel quantity and injector opening pressure were varied. From the test results, it was observed that the pilot fuel quantity of 5 mg per cycle and injector opening pressure of 200 bar results in higher brake thermal efficiency. Also the exhaust emissions such as smoke, unburnt hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide are lower than other pressures and pilot fuel quantities. The higher injection pressure and proper pilot fuel quantity might have resulted in better atomization, penetration of methyl ester of mahua oil and better combustion of fuel.
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    Combustion characteristics of diesel engine operating on jatropha oil methyl ester
    (Serbian Society of Heat Transfer Engineers, 2010) Dhananjaya, D.A.; Sudhir, C.V.; Mohanan, P.
    Fuel crisis because of dramatic increase in vehicular population and environmental concerns have renewed interest of scientific community to look for alternative fuels of bio-origin such as vegetable oils. Vegetable oils can be produced from forests, vegetable oil crops, and oil bearing biomass materials. Non-edible vegetable oils such as jatropha oil, linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil, karanji oil, etc., are potentially effective diesel substitute. Vegetable oils have reasonable energy content. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form or can be blended with diesel to form different blends. It can be used in diesel engines with very little or no engine modifications. This is because it has combustion characteristics similar to petroleum diesel. The current paper reports a study carried out to investigate the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of jatropha oil methyl ester and its blend B20 (80% petroleum diesel and 20% jatropha oil methyl ester) and diesel fuel on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injections, water cooled diesel engine. This study gives the comparative measures of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, smoke opacity, HC, NOx, ignition delay, cylinder peak pressure, and peak heat release rates. The engine performance in terms of higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions of blend B20 fuel operation was observed and compared with jatropha oil methyl ester and petroleum diesel fuel for injection timing of 20° bTDC, 23° bTDC and 26° bTDC at injection opening pressure of 220 bar.
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    Hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of high speed spark ignition engine- An experimental study
    (Taylor's University # 1, Jalan Taylor's Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, 2016) Shivaprasad, K.V.; Chitragar, P.R.; Kumar, G.N.
    The present article aims at characterizing the combustion and emission parameters of a single cylinder high speed SI engine operating with different concentrations of hydrogen with gasoline fuel. The conventional carburetted SI engine was modified into an electronically controllable engine, wherein ECU was used to control the injection timings and durations of gasoline. The engine was maintained at a constant speed of 3000 rpm and wide open throttle position. The experimental results demonstrated that heat release rate and cylinder pressure were increased with the addition of hydrogen until 20%. The CO and HC emissions were reduced considerably whereas NOx emission was increased with the addition of hydrogen in comparison with pure gasoline engine operation. © School of Engineering, Taylor’s University.
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    Performance and emission analysis of a single cylinder CI engine using Simarouba glauca biodiesel
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2017) Bedar, P.; Chitragar, P.R.; Shivaprasad, K.V.; Kumar, G.N.
    It is well known fact that diesel engines are commonly used for transportation and power generation due to their high efficiency, low fuel consumption and durability. On contrary these engines churn out harmful and hazardous emissions like particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Recently Bio-origin renewable fuels have taken center stage of discussion because of their ability to replace depleting fossil fuels and capacity to reduce hazardous engine exhausts emissions when used in diesel engines. In the present experimental study Simarouba glauca biodiesel is used in a naturally aspirated four stroke single cylinder air cooled direct injection kirloskar DA10 engine. The main objective is to investigate the effect of biodiesel and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine at 180 bar fuel injection pressure (FIP) with standard injection timing. B20, B40 biodiesel blends with 10, 15 and 20% EGR ratios were used for the study to investigate brake thermal efficiency (BTE), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), NOx, and smoke opacity. Reduction in CO, HC and smoke opacity is noticed with simarouba biodiesel fuel while increasing NOx compared to diesel. Application of EGR along with biodiesel resulted in simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides and smoke without affecting engine performance. It was found from experiment that B20 blend at 15% EGR shown superior performance characteristics compared to other conditions. © Springer India 2017.