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    Biocatalytic Remediation of Industrial Pollutants
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Pallavi, P.; Manikandan, S.K.; Nair, V.
    The release of an significant amount of pollutants from various industrial activities pose a serious threat to environmental sustainability and ecological integrity. Toxic pollutants, such as dyes, pesticides, metal ions, plastics, and antibiotics, can cause detrimental diseases to diverse living beings in their ecosystems. Biocatalytic remediation is one efficient method of removing toxic industrial pollutants by applying microorganisms or enzymes. Microorganisms in the environment typically produce a variety of enzymes to immobilize and degrade contaminants by using them as a substrate for growth and development. Biocatalytic remediation has attracted enormous interest worldwide due to its affordability and eco-friendliness. The use of microbial enzymes and microorganisms, especially immobilized biocatalysts, has been established as a flexible approach for the sustainable alleviation of industrial pollutants, in contrast to physical and chemical methods. This chapter presents and discusses recent scientific and technological advancements related to biocatalytic remediation of industrial pollutants. It also considers different biocatalysts and novel methodologies to mitigate various pollutants. This article also examines current trends, challenges, and directions for efficiently removing pollutant using biocatalysis method. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Production and characterization of biosurfactant produced by a novel Pseudomonas sp. 2B
    (2012) Aparna, A.; Srinikethan, G.; Smitha, H.
    Biosurfactant-producing bacteria were isolated from terrestrial samples collected in areas contaminated with petroleum compounds. Isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using Cetyl Tri Ammonium Bromide (CTAB)-Methylene blue agar selection medium and the qualitative drop-collapse test. An efficient bacterial strain was selected based on rapid drop collapse activity and highest biosurfactant production. The biochemical characteristics and partial sequenced 16S rRNA gene of isolate, 2B, identified the bacterium as Pseudomonas sp. Five different low cost carbon substrates were evaluated for their effect on biosurfactant production. The maximum biosurfactant synthesis (4.97g/L) occurred at 96h when the cells were grown on modified PPGAS medium containing 1% (v/v) molasses at 30°C and 150rpm. The cell free broth containing the biosurfactant could reduce the surface tension to 30.14mN/m. The surface active compound showed emulsifying activity against a variety of hydrocarbons and achieved a maximum emulsion index of 84% for sunflower oil. Compositional analysis of the biosurfactant reveals that the extracted biosurfactant was a glycolipid type, which was composed of high percentages of lipid (~65%, w/w) and carbohydrate (~32%, w/w). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of extracted biosurfactant indicates the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl and methoxyl functional groups. The mass spectra (MS) shows that dirhamnolipid (l-rhamnopyranosyl-l-rhamnopyranosyl-3-hydroxydecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoate, Rha-Rha-C 10-C 10) was detected in abundance with the predominant congener monorhamnolipid (l-rhamnopyranosyl-?-hydroxydecanoyl-?-hydroxydecanoate, Rha-C 10-C 10). The crude oil recovery studies using the biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas sp. 2B suggested its potential application in microbial enhanced oil recovery and bioremediation. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..
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    Effect of chelaters on bioaccumulation of Cd (II), Cu (II), Cr (VI), Pb (II) and Zn (II) in Galerina vittiformis from soil
    (2013) Damodaran, D.; Shetty K, K.; Raj Mohan, B.
    Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and water streams are of great necessity as heavy metals are toxic and pose hazardous ecological impacts. Low cost mitigation measures like phytoremediation and mycoremediation are commonly employed. Mycoremediation using macro fungi (mushroom) have proven to provide effective tolerance using an efficient accumulation mechanism in removing heavy metals from soil. The current paper reports the heavy metal remediation potential of macro fungi on soil artificially contaminated with 50mgkg-1 of Cu (II), Cd (II), Cr (VI), Pb (II), and Zn (II) ions. Galerina vittiformis belonging to Strophariacea family was found to be effective in removing the heavy metal from the soil under study within 30 days. Both chemical and biological chelaters at 1, 5, and 10mmolkg-1 concentrations were found to increase the mycoremediation potential of the organism. This study showed that G. vittiformis are efficient in remediating heavy metal from contaminated soil and that their remediation potential can be enhanced by the addition of chelaters. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Investigation of physical and chemical characteristics on soil due to crude oil contamination and its remediation
    (Springer Verlag, 2019) Devatha, C.P.; Vishnu Vishal, A.; Purna Chandra Rao, J.
    Oil contamination causes serious geoenvironmental concern and adversely affects the soil environment due to the release of toxic by-products. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of oil contamination on soil physical and chemical properties and phytoremediation as a treatment option based on field studies conducted for analyzing significant parameters. The sites selected were near National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka (site-1), and another is close to the oil refinery (Kuthethur, Karnataka, India, as site-2). Phytoremediation of oil-contaminated samples was carried out by Chromolaena odorata. The evaluation of soil physical and chemical properties includes field and laboratory tests. A pumping test was conducted to estimate aquifer parameters in the field. The hydraulic conductivity for field soil sample (unsaturated condition) is carried out by a filter paper test. Laboratory tests to evaluate physical and chemical parameters include total petroleum hydrocarbons of contaminated (crude oil varying from 0 to 10% at an interval of 2%) and uncontaminated samples and plant parameters. Characterization of contaminated and uncontaminated soil sample was performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results obtained reveal that physical properties of soil (moisture content, liquid and plastic limit) got affected due to oil contamination. Relative hydraulic conductivity was established as 0.46 (uncontaminated) and 0.57 (contaminated) for soil samples and led to the conclusion that hydraulic conductivity was drop down by 10% due to oil contamination. Total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis reveals that the uptake/presence of hydrocarbons by showing increased concentration in contaminated soils (5% and 10%) by the plant species. This is further confirmed by FTIR results. The TPH concentrations in the contaminated soils were reduced up to 50–60% and also showed better plant growth after 7 weeks of transplantation. Hence, considered plant species possess high potential for degrading oil contaminated in the soil. © 2019, The Author(s).
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    Role of coconut shell biochar and earthworm (Eudrilus euginea) in bioremediation and palak spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth in cadmium-contaminated soil
    (Academic Press, 2022) Noronha, F.R.; Manikandan, S.K.; Nair, N.
    The contamination of soil with heavy metals is known to affect the yield the soil fertility, which in turn affects the growth of agricultural crops. This study investigates the role of coconut shell biochar (CSB) and earthworms (Eudrilus euginea) in the bioremediation and growth of Palak spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil. The soils were amended with different combinations of CSB and earthworms and incubated for 35 days. Later, the soil samples were analyzed for the changes in the soil properties, soil enzyme activity, and heavy metal contents. It is observed that the treatments with both CSB and earthworms resulted in the improvement of soil properties and soil enzyme activity which was directly related to soil fertility. Meanwhile, the maximum removal of 94.38% of total Cd content in the soil was obtained for the soil sample contain both CSB and earthworms. The improved soil properties resulted in a higher germination percentage of Spinacia oleracea L. seeds in the Cd contaminated soil. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
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    Experimental investigation for treating ibuprofen and triclosan by biosurfactant from domestic wastewater
    (Academic Press, 2023) Jayalatha, N.A.; Devatha, C.P.
    The presence of emerging pollutants of pharmaceutical products and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment overspreads the threat on living beings. Bioremediation is a promising option for treating wastewater. In the present study, an experimental investigation was carried out to produce a biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) for the removal of Ibuprofen (IBU) and Triclosan (TCS) from domestic wastewater. It was performed in three stages. Firstly, the production and optimization of biosurfactant was carried out to arrive at the best combination of crude sunflower oil, sucrose and ammonium bicarbonate (10%: 5.5 g/L: 1 g/L) to yield effective biosurfactant production (crude biosurfactant) and further extended to achieve critical micelle concentration (CMC) formation by dilution (biosurfactant at 10.5%). The stability of the biosurfactant was also confirmed. Biosurfactant showed a reduction in the surface tension to 41 mN/m with a yield concentration of 11.2 g/L. Secondly, its effectiveness was evaluated for the removal of IBU and TCS from the domestic wastewater collected during the dry and rainy seasons. Complete removal of IBU was achieved at 36 h & 6 h and TCS at 6 h & 1 h by crude biosurfactant and biosurfactant at CMC formation for the dry season sample. IBU removal was achieved in 2 h by both crude and biosurfactant at CMC and no TCS was detected in the rainy season sample. Thirdly, biotransformation intermediates of IBU and TCS formed during the application of the biosurfactant and degradation pathways are proposed based on the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and it indicates that there is no formation of toxic by-products. Based on the results, it is evident that biosurfactant at CMC has performed better for the removal of IBU and TCS than crude biosurfactants without any formation of toxic intermediates. Hence, this study proved to be an eco-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable treatment option for domestic wastewater treatment. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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    Developing a biocatalyst showcasing the synergistic effect of rice husk biochar and bacterial cells for the removal of heavy metals
    (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023) Manikandan, S.K.; Nair, V.
    Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are toxic pollutants that affect the environment and pose health risks. Removal of Cd and Ni through bioremediation in the presence of biochar is a sustainable strategy. This study investigated the removal of Cd and Ni by Pseudomonas stutzeri immobilized on rice husk biochar (PRHB). The removal efficiency was calculated by varying the culture incubation time, pH, temperature, biocatalyst dosage, and initial metal ion concentration. PRHB showed a maximum metal removal capacity of 95% Cd and 92% Ni. The removal efficiency of PRHB was higher than that of free cells, which could be attributed to simultaneous adsorption, ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and bioaccumulation caused by the biochar carrier and bacteria. The rice husk biochar material served as both an adsorbent and a carrier supplying nutrients for the growth of the bacteria. Considering the excellent metal ion removal capability and reusability, the use of PRHB could be a promising, cost-effective, and environment-friendly strategy for treating wastewater containing heavy metals. © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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    Optimizing Solid Waste Management: A Holistic Approach by Informed Carbon Emission Reduction
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Hegde, S.; Sumith, N.; Pinto, T.; Shukla, S.; Patidar, V.
    Reducing carbon monoxide (CO) emissions is imperative for safeguarding human health and environment. CO adversely affects respiratory health, contributing to respiratory problems and, in severe cases, fatalities. Its reduction aligns with the broader efforts to combat climate change, as CO is often emitted alongside other greenhouse gases. Environmental consequences include air pollution and its detrimental impact on ecosystems. Compliance with emission standards is essential, and reducing Carbon emissions can lead to social and economic benefits, such as increased productivity and reduced healthcare costs. Moreover, the focus on emission reduction drives technological innovation, fostering the development of cleaner and sustainable technologies. In essence, addressing CO emissions is vital for creating a healthier, more sustainable future. However, in most of the cases, there has been no much importance given in scientific management of solid wastes. This has therefore resulted in large magnitude of carbon emission causing serious implications. This paper presents a novel approach to solid waste management, combining carbon emission assessment with advanced object detection technology. We develop an integrated waste management model that employs machine learning techniques for the identification and categorization of metals, non-metals, and plastics within the solid waste stream. To optimize waste sorting and recycling processes, we implement an efficient object detection system that leverages computer vision algorithms. This system enhances the precision of material identification within solid waste, thereby improving sorting accuracy. Additionally, we establish a database to quantify carbon emissions associated with distinct waste management methods, encompassing incineration, composting, recycling, bioremediation, and landfills is used for this work. The novelty of the work lies in the integration of CO2 emissions data and object detection resulting into a decision-making model, providing a holistic evaluation of the environmental impact of varied waste management scenarios. The formulation of recommendations for sustainable waste management practices based on the integrated assessment of carbon footprints and material identification is easy to implement in real world.The technical framework proposed here, aims to inform decision-makers on adopting environmentally conscious strategies for waste management. © 2024 The Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
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    The catalytic effect of chromium-doped ceria-praseodymium on soot oxidation activity and its kinetics
    (Springer, 2024) Patil, S.S.; Prasad Dasari, H.P.
    Soot generated from the partial combustion of diesel significantly contributes to air pollution, and catalytic oxidation is currently an effective method for removing diesel soot particles. The chromium-doped ceria-praseodymium (Cr-CP) catalyst system is synthesized via solution combustion synthesis and evaluated for soot oxidation activity, with a subsequent kinetics study conducted. The XRD analysis of the catalysts indicated a decrease in crystallite size and increased lattice strain and reactive facet ratios for all Cr-doped CP samples. Raman analysis verified the existence of oxygen vacancy peaks in all chromium-doped CP catalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of adsorbed H2O or molecular water peaks in the O1s spectra for the 5 Cr-CP catalyst, which also exhibited a high concentration of surface Cr3+ ions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of soot oxidation indicated that 5 Cr-CP exhibited a superior T50 of 393 ± 2 °C, mostly attributed to the presence of reducible surface Cr3+ ion species. Kinetic analysis was performed on all Cr-doped CP catalysts to assess the kinetic triplets: activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction model. The activation energy was low (87 kJ mol−1, Ozawa method) for 15 Cr-CP, while the pre-exponential factor was higher for 5 Cr-CP (7.39 × 1010 min−1). The Cr-CP catalyst system adhered to a power law, indicating a phase boundary-controlled reaction characterized by nucleation and growth mechanisms. The consistency between experimental and calculated curves confirmed that the developed catalysts adhered to the Avrami-Erofeev equation (Am) or the nucleation and growth model. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
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    Optimization and mechanistic study on bioremediation of Cr (VI) using microbial cell immobilized sugarcane bagasse biochar
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Pallavi, P.; Manikandan, S.; Nair, V.
    Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), a highly toxic heavy metal, contaminates water bodies due to its heavy usage in industrial processes. The present study proposes an environmentally friendly strategy for the bioremediation of Cr (VI) from water systems. Bacillus sp. was immobilized onto sugarcane bagasse biochar (BSCB) to remediate Cr (VI). The Cr (VI) removal process was optimized through one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that BSCB effectively removed 93.56 % of Cr (VI), with optimum conditions of 100 mg L−1 initial Cr (VI) concentration, 12 h incubation time, 40 °C temperature, pH 7.0, and 0.1 % BSCB dosage. The study also investigated reusability of BSCB across five consecutive cycles for the removal of Cr (VI) under optimized operating conditions, showcasing its consistent high performance compared to both sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCB) and free cells. BSCB maintained an average removal efficiency of 88.2 % across three cycles, outperforming SCB (56.67 %) and free cells (82.24 %). This immobilization approach enables better recovery of bacterial cells from water bodies and presents a sustainable, cost-effective bioremediation solution for Cr (VI) removal. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd