Faculty Publications
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Item Acoustic Event and Scene Classification: A Review(Springer, 2025) Mulimani, M.; Venkatesh, S.; Koolagudi, S.G.This paper gives deeper insight into the range of recent approaches developed and reported in the literature specifically for monophonic acoustic event classification (AEC), polyphonic acoustic event detection (AED) and acoustic scene classification (ASC) concerning datasets, features and classifiers. A list of datasets used for monophonic AEC, polyphonic AED and ASC is introduced. The features and classifiers used for monophonic AEC, polyphonic AED and ASC are reviewed with their success and failures. A list of the research issues is derived from the critical review of the available literature at the end of the paper. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item Acoustic scene classification using projection Kervolutional neural network(Springer, 2023) Mulimani, M.; Nandi, R.; Koolagudi, S.G.In this paper, a novel Projection Kervolutional Neural Network (ProKNN) is proposed for Acoustic Scene Classification (ASC). ProKNN is a combination of two special filters known as the left and right projection layers and Kervolutional Neural Network (KNN). KNN replaces the linearity of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a non-linear polynomial kernel. We extend the ProKNN to learn from the features of two channels of audio recordings in the initial stage. The performance of the ProKNN is evaluated on the two publicly available datasets: TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes 2018 and TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes Mobile 2018 development datasets. Results show that the proposed ProKNN outperforms the existing systems with an absolute improvement of accuracy of 8% and 14% on TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes 2018 and TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes Mobile 2018 development datasets respectively, as compared to the baseline model of Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scene and Events (DCASE) - 2018 challenge. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Item Acoustic Scene Classification using Deep Fisher network(Elsevier Inc., 2023) Venkatesh, S.; Mulimani, M.; Koolagudi, S.G.Acoustic Scene Classification (ASC) is the task of assigning a semantic label to an audio recording, based on the surrounding environment. In this work, a Fisher network is introduced for ASC. The proposed method mimics the working mechanism of a feed-forward Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) where, output of a layer is fed as an input to the succeeding layer. The Fisher network consists of a feature extraction step followed by a Fisher layer. The Fisher layer has three sub-layers, namely, Fisher Vector (FV) encoder, temporal pyramid and normalization layers along with feature reduction layer. Gammatone Time Cepstral Coefficients (GTCCs) and Mel-spectrograms are the features encoded as Fisher vector representation in FV encoder sub-layer. Temporal information of the Fisher vectors is retained using temporal pyramid sub-layer. After temporal pyramids are extracted from Fisher vectors, they are available as a feature vector. Irrelevant dimensions of the temporal pyramids are reduced further using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in normalization and PCA sub-layers. The proposed model is evaluated on five DCASE datasets, TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes 2018 and Mobile, DCASE 2019 Acoustic Scene Classification Task 1(a) and Task 1(b), TAU Urban Acoustic Scenes 2020 datasets. The overall classification accuracy is 93%, 91%, 92%, 91% and 89% for TUT 2018, TUT Mobile 2018, DCASE Task 1(a) 2019, DCASE Task 1(b) 2019, and TAU Urban Acoustic Scenes 2020 datasets, respectively. The proposed model performed much better than the state-of-the-art ASC systems. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.Item Bi-level Acoustic Scene Classification Using Lightweight Deep Learning Model(Birkhauser, 2024) Spoorthy, V.; Koolagudi, S.G.Identifying a scene based on the environment in which the related audio is recorded is known as acoustic scene classification (ASC). In this paper, a bi-level light-weight Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based model is presented to perform ASC. The proposed approach performs classification in two levels. The scenes are classified into three broad categories in the first level as indoor, outdoor, and transportation scenes. The three classes are further categorized into individual scenes in the second level. The proposed approach is implemented using three features: log Mel band energies, harmonic spectrograms and percussive spectrograms. To perform the classification, three CNN classifiers, namely, MobileNetV2, Squeeze-and-Excitation Net (SENet), and a combination of these two architectures, known as SE-MobileNet are used. The proposed combined model encashes the advantages of both MobileNetV2 and SENet architectures. Extensive experiments are conducted on DCASE 2020 (IEEE AASP Challenge on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events) Task 1B development and DCASE 2016 ASC datasets. The proposed SE-MobileNet model resulted in a classification accuracy of 96.9% and 86.6% for the first and second levels, respectively, on DCASE 2020 dataset, and 97.6% and 88.4%, respectively, on DCASE 2016 dataset. The proposed model is reported to be better in terms of both complexity and accuracy as compared to the state-of-the-art low-complexity ASC systems. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.