Faculty Publications

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    Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the influence of media related factors such as porosity and pore size and specific surface area on performance of up flow anaerobic biofilters (ABFs). Two simple model of 8 litres capacity up flow anaerobic biofilters (ABFs), one packed with support media granite of size 50 to 40 mm and the other packed with granite of size 25 to 20 mm were installed. The experimental anaerobic biofilters were made of PVC tubes. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was maintained as 12 hours. The study was carried out for a period of 90 days. The waste treatment performance indicates that the biofilter associated with media of the lesser pore size and porosity with higher specific surface area demonstrated the highest BOD and COD removal 91.03% and 82.50% respectively. Copyright © Enviromedia.
    (Treatment of domestic wastewater in up flow anaerobic biofilters (using granite as packing material)) Srinikethan, G.; Shrihari, S.; Pradeepan, V.S.
    2005
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    Treatment of domestic wastewater by association of up flow anaerobic and aerobic biofilters
    (2007) Srinikethan, G.; Shrihari, S.; Pradeepan, V.S.
    Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the performance of association of up flow anaerobic & aerobic biofilters in treating domestic wastewater. Two simple models of 8 litres capacity, one up flow anaerobic biofilter (AnBF) packed with support media granite of size 20 mm and another up flow aerobic biofilter(ABF) packed with support media granite of size 10 mm respectively were installed. The experimental anaerobic & aerobic biofilters were made of PVC tubes. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was maintained as 12 hours in anaerobic biofilter and 8 hours in aerobic biofilter. The study was carried out for a period of 90 days. The association of up flow anaerobic & aerobic biofilters demonstrated the average Turbidity, Suspended Solids, BOD and COD removal 96.56%, 96.53%, 95.67% and 90.42% respectively. The waste treatment performance indicates that the association of up flow anaerobic & aerobic biofilters is a promising technique for (sub) tropical countries. Copyright © Enviromedia.
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    Prediction of water quality indices by regression analysis and artificial neural networks
    (2008) Rene, E.R.; Saidutta, M.B.
    The quality of wastewater generated in any process industry is generally indicated by performance indices namely BOD, COD and TOC, expressed in mg/L. The use of TOC as an analytical parameter has become more cornmon in recent years especially for the treatment of industrial wastewater. In this study, several empirical relationships were established between BOD and COD with TOC using regression analysis, so that TOC can be used to estimate the accompanying BOD or COD. A new, the use of Artificial Neural Networks has been explored in this study to predict the concentrations of BOD and COD, well in advance using some easily measurable water quality indices. The total data points obtained from a refinery wastewater (143) were divided into a training set consisting of 103 data points, while the remaining 40 were used as the test data. A total of 12 different models (Al-A12) were tested using different combinations of network architecture. These models were evaluated using the % Average Relative Error values of the test set. It was observed that three models gave accurate and reliable results, indicating the versatility of the developed models.
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    Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solution by Fenton Oxidation and photo-Fenton Oxidation processes using iron from Laterite soil as catalyst
    (2011) Manu, B.; Mahamood
    For the treatment of paracetamol in water, the photo-Fenton Oxidation process and Classic Fenton oxidation process have been demonstrated and found effective. An iron catalyst extracted from lateritic soil is used to exhibit the degradation and mineralization of paracetamol. Paracetamol reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal are measured as the objective functions to be maximized. The experimental conditions of the degradation of paracetamol are optimized by Fenton process. the optimum conditions observed for 10 mg/L initial paracetamol concentration are influent pH 3, initial H 2O 2 dosage 30 mg/L, [paracetamol]/[H 2O 2] ratio 1:3 (w/w) and [H 2O 2] / [Laterite iron] ratio 30:0.75 (w/w). At the optimum conditions, for 10 mg/L of initial paracetamol concentration, 76% paracetamol reduction and 69% COD removal by Fenton oxidation and 79% paracetamol reduction and 77% COD removal by UV-C Fenton process are observed in 120 minutes reaction time. At the above optimum conditions, HPLC analysis has demonstrated 100% removal of paracetamol for Fenton oxidation process in 240 minutes and for UV-C photo- Fenton process in 120 minutes. The methods are effective and they may be used in the paracetamol industry. © 2011 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY.
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    Enhanced degradation of paracetamol by UV-C supported photo-Fenton process over Fenton oxidation
    (2011) Manu, B.; Mahamood, S.
    For the treatment of paracetamol in water, the UV-C Fenton oxidation process and classic Fenton oxidation have been found to be the most effective. Paracetamol reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal are measured as the objective functions to be maximized. The experimental conditions of the degradation of paracetamol are optimized by the Fenton process. Influent pH 3, initial H 2O 2 dosage 60 mg/L, [H 2O 2]/[Fe 2+] ratio 60 : 1 are the optimum conditions observed for 20 mg/L initial paracetamol concentration. At the optimum conditions, for 20 mg/L of initial paracetamol concentration, 82% paracetamol reduction and 68% COD removal by Fenton oxidation, and 91% paracetamol reduction and 82% COD removal by UV-C Fenton process are observed in a 120 min reaction time. By HPLC analysis, 100% removal of paracetamol is observed at the above optimum conditions for the Fenton process in 240 min and for the UV-C photo-Fenton process in 120 min. The methods are effective and they may be used in the paracetamol industry. © IWA Publishing 2011.
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    Solar photocatalysis for treatment of Acid Yellow-17 (AY-17) dye contaminated water using Ag@TiO2 core-shell structured nanoparticles
    (2013) Khanna, A.; Shetty K, K.
    Wastewater released from textile industries causes water pollution, and it needs to be treated before discharge to the environment by cost effective technologies. Solar photocatalysis is a promising technology for the treatment of dye wastewater. The Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles comprising of Ag core and TiO2 shell (Ag@TiO2) have unique photocatalytic property of inhibition of electron-hole recombination and visible light absorption, which makes it a promising photocatalyst for use in solar photocatalysis and with higher photocatalytic rate. Therefore, in the present work, the Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by one pot method with postcalcination step has been used for the degradation of Acid Yellow-17 (AY-17) dye under solar light irradiation. The Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The catalyst has been found to be very effective in solar photocatalysis of AY-17, as compared to other catalysts. The effects of pH, catalyst loading, initial dye concentration, and oxidants on photocatalysis were also studied. The optimized parameters for degradation of AY-17 using Ag@TiO2 were found to be pH 3, dye/catalyst ratio of 1:10 (g/g), and 2 g/L of (NH4)2S2O8 as oxidant. Efficient decolorization and mineralization of AY-17 was achieved. The kinetics of color, total organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand removal followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Ag@TiO2 catalyst can be reused thrice without much decline in efficiency. The catalyst exhibited its potential as economic photocatalyst for treatment of dye wastewater. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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    Petrochemical wastewater treatment using constructed wetland technique
    (EM International rktem@pn3.vsnl.net.in, 2016) Sudarsan, J.S.; Annadurai, R.; Subramani, S.; George, R.B.
    Constructed Wetlands are artificially developed ecosystem created to treat the wastewater it was normally like wetlands that occur where water conditions are intermediate between uplands and deep-water aquatic systems. Natural wetlands are capable of improving; the water quality. The ability of natural wetland systems has been recognized for more than 25 years and during this period, the use of engineered wetlands has evolved from a research concept to an accepted pollution control technology. The engineered wetland systems or Constructed Wetland Technology are treatment technologies that mimic natural wetland systems and these treatment techniques were incorporated as components of waste water treatment systems. Two general types of shallow vegetated ecosystems are being used for water quality treatment: (1) free water surface (surface flow) and (2) subsurface flow (vegetated submerged bed) systems. This paper reviews treatment of petrochemical wastewater using constructed wetland. The analysis was done on a lab scale model developed using a PVC tub with a size of 70X40X30 cm and a slight slope of (<1%) between inlet and outlet zones. This technology acts as a natural and low cost treatment facility for wastewater. In this study the plants used were Typha latifolia and Pragmites Australis. The parameters like Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Phenolic Compounds were studied based on APHA guidelines. The pollutant removal mechanism was also reviewed. It was found that the reduction efficiency of BOD, COD, TSS was found to be 90 to 95 % and the Phenolic compound removal efficiency was found to be 65 to 90%. Pollutant removal was highly dependent on retention time and influent concentration and by the action of internal plant communities and microorganisms, water depth. © © EM International.
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    Solar photocatalytically active, engineered silver nanoparticle synthesis using aqueous extract of mesocarp of Cocos nucifera (Red Spicata Dwarf)
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd. michael.wagreich@univie.ac.at, 2017) Sumi, M.B.; Devadiga, A.; Shetty K, V.K.; Saidutta, M.B.
    Silver nanoparticles synthesised using aqueous extract of Cocos nucifera (CN) mesocarp were evaluated for their photocatalytic activity under solar irradiation. The silver nanoparticles were synthesised by a green method of harnessing bioactive phytocomponents from the mesocarp of Cocos nucifera. Large-scale application of this process necessitates the manoeuvering of the process parameters for increasing the conversion of silver ions to nanoparticles. Process parameters influencing the morphological characteristics of silver nanoparticles such as precursor salt concentration and pH of the synthesis mixture were studied. The crystalline nanoparticles were characterised using UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis. CN extract and 5 mM silver nitrate solution at a ratio of 1:4 (v/v) in the synthesis mixture was found to be the optimum. Alkaline initial pH of the synthesis mixture was found to favour the synthesis of smaller sized monodispersed silver nanoparticles. Solar energy was harnessed for the photocatalytic degradation of Malachite green dye using silver nanoparticles obtained through the green synthesis method. Overall process aims at utilisation of naturally available resource for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles as well as the degradation of dyes using these nanoparticles, making it useful in the treatment of wastewater. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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    Fenton's treatment of actual agriculture runoff water containing herbicides
    (IWA Publishing 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, 2017) Sangami, S.; Manu, B.
    This research was to study the efficiency of the Fenton's treatment process for the removal of three herbicides, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), ametryn and dicamba from the sugarcane field runoff water. The treatment process was designed with the Taguchi approach by varying the four factors such as H 2 O 2 /COD (1-3.5), H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ (5-50), pH (2-5) and reaction time (30-240 min) as independent variables. Influence of these parameters on chemical oxygen demand (COD), ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies (dependent variables) were investigated by performing signal to noise ratio and other statistical analysis. The optimum conditions were found to be H 2 O 2 /COD: 2.125, H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ : 27.5, pH: 3.5 and reaction time of 135 min for removal efficiencies of 100% for ametryn, 95.42% for dicamba, 88.2% for 2,4-D and with 75% of overall COD removal efficiencies. However, the percentage contribution of H 2 O 2 /COD ratio was observed to be significant among all four independent variables and were 44.16%, 67.57%, 51.85% and 50.66% for %COD, ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies, respectively. The maximum removal of herbicides was observed with the H 2 O 2 dosage of 5.44 mM and Fe 2+ dosage of 0.12 mM at pH 3.5. © IWA Publishing 2017 W.
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    Effects of electric potential, NaCl, pH and distance between electrodes on efficiency of electrolysis in landfill leachate treatment
    (Taylor and Francis Inc. 325 Chestnut St, Suite 800 Philadelphia PA 19106, 2017) Erabee, I.K.; Ahsan, A.; Jose, B.; Arunkumar, T.; Sathyamurthy, R.; Idrus, S.; Daud, N.N.N.
    This study investigated the effects of different parameters on the removal efficiencies of organic and inorganic pollutants in landfill leachate treatment by electrolysis. Different parameters were considered such as the electric potential (e.g., 24, 40 and 60 V), hydraulic retention time (HRT) (e.g., 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min), sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (e.g., 1, 3, 5 and 7%), pH (e.g., 3, 7 and 9), electrodes materials [e.g., aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe)] and distance between electrodes (e.g., 1, 2 and 3 cm). The best operational condition of electrolysis was then recommended. The electric potential of 60 V with HRT of 120 min at 5% of NaCl solution using Al as anode and Fe as cathode (kept at a distance of 3 cm) was the most efficient condition which increased the removal efficiencies of various parameters such as turbidity, salinity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals (e.g., Zn and Mn). The higher removal percentages of many parameters, especially COD (94%) and Mn (93%) indicated that the electrolysis is an efficient technique for multi-pollutants (e.g., organic, inorganic and heavy metals) removal from the landfill leachate. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.