Faculty Publications

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    Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells
    (wiley, 2023) Udaya Bhat, K.; Bhat Panemangalore, B.P.
    With the increase in energy demands, an incentive is given for scientific research towards providing sustained supply of energy to mankind. Among several alternative fuels, biofuel cells are an emerging field that is given a major impetus. Using a biological and chemical process to produce clean and efficient electrical energy can reduce the usage of to-be extinct fossil fuels. To facilitate these processes, enzymes and microbes play a very important role in transfer of electrons around the electrolyte and across electrodes. Several plant and animal-based products can be used and they are discussed. Among different materials used to synthesize biofuel cells, this chapter primarily discusses carbon-based nanomaterials which are attractive due to many significant properties it exhibits. Several such materials exist like graphite, carbon nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanorods that differ in morphology and presents remarkable opportunities to design and fabricate different varieties of biofuel cells. The composition and power densities of various biofuel cells are presented along with its several applications like in vivo implantation, energy extraction from body fluids and fruits. Smart textiles, self-powered biosensing applications of these biofuel cells suggest that research in this direction is an endless frontier. © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.
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    6 CTA 8.3 G1-1 Cummins engine performance & exhaust emission tests using methyl ester Mahua oil and diesel fuel blends
    (2008) Godiganur, S.; Reddy, R.P.; Murthy, C.H.S.
    A Cummins 6 CTA 8.3G1-1 turbocharged DI diesel engine was fueled with blends of esters of Mahua oil and the performance and emissions were compared with diesel. The neat biodiesel, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and base fuel were tested at constant load (28% of rated load) and at constant speed of 1500 rpm. This experiment is conducted on D.G Set, used to supply power to mining equipments in MSPL Iron Ore Company Hospet. Dist. Bellary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of various blends of biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. Neat Mahua oil poses some problems when subjected to prolonged usage in CI engine. These problems can be reduced to minimum by subjecting the Mahua oil to the process of transesterification. Various properties of the biodiesel thus developed are evaluated and compared in relation to that of conventional diesel oil. Copyright © Enviromedia.
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    6BTA 5.9 G2-1 Cummins engine performance and emission tests using methyl ester mahua (Madhuca indica) oil/diesel blends
    (2009) Godiganur, S.; Suryanarayana Murthy, C.H.; Reddy, R.P.
    Neat mahua oil poses some problems when subjected to prolonged usage in CI engine. The transesterification of mahua oil can reduce these problems. The use of biodiesel fuel as substitute for conventional petroleum fuel in heavy-duty diesel engine is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This interest is based on the properties of bio-diesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewable resource, its biodegradability and potential to exhaust emissions. A Cummins 6BTA 5.9 G2- 1, 158 HP rated power, turbocharged, DI, water cooled diesel engine was run on diesel, methyl ester of mahua oil and its blends at constant speed of 1500 rpm under variable load conditions. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel were set at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, HC and NOx) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results indicate that with the increase of biodiesel in the blends CO, HC reduces significantly, fuel consumption and NOx emission of biodiesel increases slightly compared with diesel. Brake specific energy consumption decreases and thermal efficiency of engine slightly increases when operating on 20% biodiesel than that operating on diesel. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Performance and emission characteristics of a Kirloskar HA394 diesel engine operated on fish oil methyl esters
    (2010) Godiganur, S.; Suryanarayana Murthy, Ch.; Reddy, R.P.
    The high viscosity of fish oil leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. The inefficient mixing of fish oil with air leads to incomplete combustion. The best way to use fish oil as fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines is to convert it into biodiesel. It can be used in CI engines with very little or no engine modifications. This is because it has properties similar to mineral diesel. Combustion tests for methyl ester of fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel were performed in a kirloskar H394 DI diesel engine, to evaluate fish biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine, at constant speed of 1500 rpm under variable load conditions. The tests showed no major deviations in diesel engine's combustion as well as no significant changes in the engine performance and reduction of main noxious emissions with the exception on NOx. Overall fish biodiesel showed good combustion properties and environmental benefits. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Performance and emission characteristics of double cylinder CI engine operated with cardanol bio fuel blends
    (2012) Mallikappa, D.N.; Reddy, R.P.; Murthy, C.S.N.
    India imports more than seventy percent of the oil it uses and is looking for alternative fuel to reduce its dependence on imports. In India, bio fuels derived from non-edible oils is considered as a renewable alternative to the fossil diesel. The cost of the biodiesel is higher than diesel and hence in this work, cardanol was used as an alternative renewable fuel for the diesel engine. The engine tests were conducted on a double cylinder, direct injection, compression ignition engine. From the engine tests, it is observed that the brake power increases (by 70% approximately) as load increases. Brake specific energy conversion decreases (by 25-30% approximately) with increase in brake power. Brake thermal efficiency increases with higher brake power and emission levels (HC, CO, NOX) were nominal up to 20% blends. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Artificial neural network based modeling to evaluate methane yield from biogas in a laboratory-scale anaerobic bioreactor
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2016) Nair, V.V.; Dhar, H.; Kumar, S.; Thalla, A.K.; Mukherjee, S.; Wong, J.W.C.
    The performance of a laboratory-scale anaerobic bioreactor was investigated in the present study to determine methane (CH4) content in biogas yield from digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). OFMSW consists of food waste, vegetable waste and yard trimming. An organic loading between 40 and 120 kg VS/m3 was applied in different runs of the bioreactor. The study was aimed to focus on the effects of various factors, such as pH, moisture content (MC), total volatile solids (TVS), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and CH4 fraction on biogas production. OFMSW witnessed high CH4 yield as 346.65 L CH4/kg VS added. A target of 60–70% of CH4 fraction in biogas was set as an optimized condition. The experimental results were statistically optimized by application of ANN model using free forward back propagation in MATLAB environment. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
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    Use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) for enhanced lipid production in micro-algae based biofuels
    (Elsevier B.V., 2017) Severes, A.; Hegde, S.; D'Souza, L.; Hegde, S.
    Microalgae are an alternative source for renewable energy to overcome the energy crises caused by exhaustion of fuel reserves. Algal biofuel technology demands a cost effective strategy for net profitable productivity. Inconsistent illumination intensities hinder microalgal growth. The light-utilizing efficiency of the cells is critical. Light scarcity leads to low production and high intensities cause photo-inhibition. We report effective usage of LEDs of different band wavelengths on the growth of microalgae in a closed, controlled environment to generate biomass and lipid yields. Among the different intensity and wavelengths tested. The light intensities of 500 lx of blue-red combination gave maximum biomass in terms of cell density. LED of red light 220 lx wavelength doubled the lipid dry weight from 30% (w/w) in white light to 60% (w/w). Thin layer lipid chromatogram demonstrated a dense and prominent spot of triacylglycerols in the red light, 220 lx grown cultures. The FTIR profile indicates that different wavelength exposure did not alter the functional groups or change the chemical composition of the extracted lipids ensuring the quality of the product. We reiterate the fact that combination of red and blue LEDs is favoured over white light illumination for generation of biomass. In addition, we report an exciting finding of exposure to LEDs of red wavelength post-biomass generation lead to enhanced lipid production. This simple process doubled the lipid content harvested in 20 days culture period. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
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    Performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of twin-cylinder common rail diesel engine fuelled with butanol-diesel blends
    (Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2017) Lamani, V.T.; Yadav, A.K.; Gottekere, K.N.
    Nitrogen oxides and smoke are the substantial emissions for the diesel engines. Fuels comprising high-level oxygen content can have low smoke emission due to better oxidation of soot. The objective of the paper is to assess the potential to employ oxygenated fuel, i.e., n-butanol and its blends with the neat diesel from 0 to 30% by volume. The experimental and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation is carried out to estimate the performance, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics of n-butanol-diesel blends for various injection timings (9°, 12°, 15°, and 18°) using modern twin-cylinder, four-stroke, common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine. Experimental results reveal the increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by ~ 4.5, 6, and 8% for butanol-diesel blends of 10% (Bu10), 20% (Bu20), and 30% (Bu30), respectively, compared to neat diesel (Bu0). Maximum BTE for Bu0 is 38.4%, which is obtained at 12° BTDC; however, for Bu10, Bu20 and Bu30 are 40.19, 40.9, and 41.7%, which are obtained at 15° BTDC, respectively. Higher flame speed of n-butanol-diesel blends burn a large amount of fuel in the premixed phase, which improves the combustion as well as emission characteristics. CFD and experimental results are compared and validated for all fuel blends for in-cylinder pressure and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and found to be in good agreement. Both experimental and simulation results witnessed in reduction of smoke opacity, NOx, and carbon monoxide emissions with the increasing n-butanol percentage in diesel fuel. © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
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    Experimental study of methyl tert-butyl ether as an oxygenated additive in diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester blended fuel in CI engine
    (Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2018) Bragadeshwaran, A.; Kasianantham, N.; Ballusamy, S.; Tarun, K.R.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Kaisan, M.U.
    This work presents the effect of the ternary oxygenated additive on diesel biodiesel blended fuel to evaluate the engine characteristics. The Calophyllum inophyllum trees being abundant in India can lessen the dependence on petroleum imports to a specific extent. Methyl tertiary butyl ether is used as an oxygenated additive for the ternary blends preparation as 5–20% by volume. Seven blends of neat baseline diesel, biodiesel (Calophyllum inophyllum Methyl Ester), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel (50%), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel-methyl tert-butyl ether (5, 10, 15, and 20%) are prepared which are tested on a single cylinder, constant speed diesel engine. The experimental results were revealed that the replacement of biodiesel by MTBE has shown a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency with a slight increase in brake-specific fuel consumption. Further, the MTBE addition in ternary blends reduced the unburned hydrocarbon, CO, and NOx by 63.9, 6.4, and 3.37% respectively. In addition, the carbon dioxide emission is almost similar to diesel fuel at a higher addition of MTBE with diesel-biodiesel blend. In the combustion point of view, the addition of 5% MTBE resulted in 3.49 and 5.1% reduction of peak pressure and heat release rate are observed as compared to diesel fuel. Critical analysis in combustion aspects is also carried out and it is witnessed with prolonged ignition delay during MTBE addition with diesel-biodiesel blends. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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    Acetone and Diethyl ether: Improve cold flow properties of Dairy Washed Milkscum biodiesel
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Srikanth, H.V.; Venkatesh, J.; Godiganur, S.; Manne, B.
    The trend in utilizing biological industrial wastes to produce biofuels has been increasingly popular over the past decades. The dairy washed milk scum (DWMS) is one of such potential industrial waste, which can be used as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. One of the inherent problems of DWMS biodiesel is its poor low temperature properties. In this investigation, the influence of two solvents namely, Acetone (ACE) and Diethyl ether (DEE) was tested as cold flow improvers (CFI's) on low temperature properties of DWMS biodiesel. It was observed that the addition of 20% (v/v) of ACE and DEE to DWMS biodiesel improved the low temperature properties. The crystallization characteristics of biodiesel and its blends with CFIs were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Other fuel properties were within the permissible limits of biodiesel standard (ASTM D6751-15C) with all the blends of ACE and DEE. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd