Faculty Publications
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Publications by NITK Faculty
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Item A semantic approach to text steganography in sanskrit using numerical encoding(Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2019) Keshava, K.; Pravalika, A.; Abhishek, D.V.; Meghana, N.P.; Prasad, G.Steganography is the art of hiding a message within another so that the presence of the hidden message is indiscernible. People who are not intended to be the recipients of the message should not even suspect that a hidden message exists. Text steganography is challenging as it is difficult to hide data in text without affecting the semantics. Retention of the semantics in the generated stego-text is crucial to minimize suspicion.This paper proposes a technique for text steganography using classical language Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is morphologically rich with a very large vocabulary, it is possible to modify the cover text without affecting the semantics. In addition numerical encoding is used to map a Sanskrit character to a numerical value. This helps in hiding the message effectively. Moreover, in this technique, a key is used for additional security. The key is generated dynamically and is appended to the final message to further add security to the proposed method. The proposed method generated stego-texts with syntactic correctness of 96.7%, semantic correctness of 86.6%, and with a suspicion factor of just 23.4% upon evaluation. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019Item Ontology based approach for event detection in twitter datastreams(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Kaushik, R.; Apoorva Chandra, S.; Mallya, D.; Chaitanya, J.N.V.K.; Kamath S․, S.In this paper, we present a system that attempts to interpret relations in social media data based on automatically constructed dataset-specific ontology. Twitter data pertaining to the real world events such as the launch of products and the buzz generated by it, among the users of Twitter for developing a prototype of the system. Twitter data is filtered using certain tag-words which are used to build an ontology, based on extracted entities. Wikipedia data on the entities are collected and processed semantically to retrieve inherent relations and properties. The system uses these results to discover related entities and the relationships between them. We present the results of experiments to show how the system was able to effectively construct the ontology and discover inherent relationships between the entities belonging to two different datasets. © 2015 IEEE.Item Sociopedia: An interactive system for event detection and trend analysis for twitter data(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH info@springer-sbm.com, 2016) Kaushik, R.; Apoorva Chandra, S.; Mallya, D.; Chaitanya, J.N.V.K.; Kamath S․, S.The emergence of social media has resulted in the generation of highly versatile and high volume data. Most web search engines return a set of links or web documents as a result of a query, without any interpretation of the results to identify relations in a social sense. In the work presented in this paper, we attempt to create a search engine for social media datastreams, that can interpret inherent relations within tweets, using an ontology built from the tweet dataset itself. The main aim is to analyze evolving social media trends and providing analytics regarding certain real world events, that being new product launches, in our case. Once the tweet dataset is pre-processed to extract relevant entities, Wiki data about these entities is also extracted. It is semantically parsed to retrieve relations between the entities and their properties. Further, we perform various experiments for event detection and trend analysis in terms of representative tweets, key entities and tweet volume, that also provide additional insight into the domain. © Springer India 2016.Item Enhancing web service discovery using meta-heuristic CSO and PCA based clustering(Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2018) Kotekar, S.; Kamath S․, S.Web service discovery is one of the crucial tasks in service-oriented applications and workflows. For a targeted objective to be achieved, it is still challenging to identify all appropriate services from a repository containing diverse service collections. To identify the most suitable services, it is necessary to capture service-specific terms that comply with its natural language documentation. Clustering available Web services as per their domain, based on functional similarities would enhance a service search engine’s ability to recommend relevant services. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for automatically categorizing the Web services available in a repository into functionally similar groups. Our proposed approach is based on the Meta-heuristic Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) Algorithm, further optimized by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) dimension reduction technique. Results obtained by experiments show that the proposed approach was useful and enhanced the service discovery process, when compared to traditional approaches. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.Item fastText-Based Siamese Network for Hindi Semantic Textual Similarity(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Chandrashekar, A.; Rushad, M.; Nambiar, A.; Rashmi, V.; Koolagudi, S.G.Semantic textual similarity is a measurement of the degree of similarity or equivalence between two sentences semantically. Semantic sentence pairs have the ability to substitute text from each other and retain their meaning. Various rule-based and machine learning models have gained quick prominence in the field, especially in a language like English, where there is an abundance of lexical tools and resources. However, other languages like Hindi have not seen much improvement in state-of-the-art methods and models to evaluate semantic similarity of text data. This paper proposes a fastText-based Siamese neural network architecture to evaluate the semantic equivalency between a Hindi sentence pair. The pair is scored on a scale of 0–5, where 0 indicates least similar and 5 indicates most similar. The corpus contains a combination of two datasets containing manually scored sentence pairs. The performance parameters used to evaluate this approach are model accuracy and model loss over a training period of multiple epochs. The proposed architecture incorporates a fastText-based embedding layer and a bi-directional Long Short Term Memory layer to achieve a similarity score. The proposed architecture can extract semantic and various global features of the text to determine a similarity score. This model achieves an accuracy of 85.5% on a compiled Hindi-Hindi sentence pair dataset, which is a considerable improvement over existing rule and supervise-based systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item Semantic web service selection based on service provider's business offerings(2009) D’Mello, D.A.; Ananthanarayana, V.S.Semantic Web service discovery finds a match between the service requirement and service advertisements based on the semantic descriptions. The matchmaking mechanism might find semantically similar Web services having same matching score. In this paper, the authors propose the semantic Web service selection mechanism which distinguishes semantically similar Web services based on the Quality of Service (QoS) and Business Offerings (BO). To realize the semantic Web service discovery and selection (ranking), we propose the semantic broker based Web service architecture which recommends the best match for the requester based on the requested functionality, quality and business offerings. The authors design the semantic broker which facilitates the provider to advertise the service by creating OWL-S service profile consisting information related to functionality, quality and business offerings. After the service advertisement, the broker computes and records matchmaking information to improve the performance (service query time) of discovery and selection process. The broker also reads requirements from the requester and finds the best (profitable) Web service by matching and ranking the advertised services based on the functionality, capability, quality and business offering.Item Verification of protocol design using UML - SMV(2009) Prashanth, C.M.; Chandrashekar Shet, K.In recent past, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) has become the de facto industry standard for object-oriented modeling of the software systems. The syntax and semantics rich UML has encouraged industry to develop several supporting tools including those capable of generating deployable product (code) from the UML models. As a consequence, ensuring the correctness of the model/design has become challenging and extremely important task. In this paper, we present an approach for automatic verification of protocol model/design. As a case study, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) design is verified for the property, "the CALLER will not converse with the CALLEE before the connection is established between them ". The SIP is modeled using UML statechart diagrams and the desired properties are expressed in temporal logic. Our prototype verifier "UML-SMV" is used to carry out the verification. We subjected an erroneous SIP model to the UML-SMV, the verifier could successfully detect the error (in 76.26ms) and generate the error trace.Item Dynamic web service composition based on operation flow semantics(2010) D’Mello, D.A.; Ananthanarayana, V.S.Dynamic Web service composition is a process of building a new value added service using available services to satisfy the requester's complex functional need. In this paper we propose the broker based architecture for dynamic Web service composition. The broker plays a major role in effective discovery of Web services for the individual tasks of the complex need. The broker maintains flow knowledge for the composition, which stores the dependency among the Web service operations and their input, output parameters. For the given complex requirements, the broker first generates the abstract composition plan and discovers the possible candidate Web services to each task of the abstract composition plan. The abstract composition plan is further refined based on the Message Exchange Patterns (MEP), Input/Output parameters, QoS of the candidate Web services to produce refined composition plan involving Web service operations with execution flow. The refined composition plan is then transferred to generic service provider to generate executable composition plan based on the requester's input or output requirements and preferences. The proposed effective Web service discovery and composition mechanism is defined based on the concept of functional semantics and flow semantics of Web service operations. © 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Item A bio-inspired, incremental clustering algorithm for semantics-based web service discovery(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd., 2015) Kamath S?, S.; Ananthanarayana, V.S.Web service discovery is a challenging task due to the widespread availability of published services on the web. In this paper, a service crawler-based web service discovery framework is proposed, that employs information retrieval techniques to effectively retrieve available, published service descriptions. Their functional semantics is extracted for similarity computation and tag generation using natural language processing techniques. The framework is inherently dynamic in nature as new service descriptions may be continually added during periodic crawler runs or existing ones may be removed if service is unavailable. To deal with these issues, a dynamic, incremental clustering approach based on bird flocking behaviour is proposed. Experimental results show that semantic analysis and automatic tagging captured the services' functional semantics in a meaningful way. The algorithm effectively handled the dynamic requirements of the proposed framework by eliminating cluster recomputation overhead and achieved a speed-up factor of 61.8% when compared to hierarchical clustering. © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Item Semantic similarity based context-aware web service discovery using NLP techniques(Rinton Press Inc. sales@rintonpress.com, 2016) Kamath S?, S.S.; Ananthanarayana, V.S.Due to the high availability and also the distributed nature of published web services on the Web, efficient discovery and retrieval of relevant services that meet user requirements can be a challenging task. In this paper, we present a semantics based web service retrieval framework that uses natural language processing techniques to extract a service’s functional information. The extracted information is used to compute the similarity between any given service pair, for generating additional metadata for each service and for classifying the services based on their functional similarity. The framework also adds natural language querying capabilities for supporting exact and approximate matching of relevant services to a given user query. We present experimental results that show that the semantic analysis & automatic tagging effectively captured the inherent functional details of a service and also the similarity between different services. Also, a significant improvement in precision and recall was observed during Web service retrieval when compared to simple keyword matching search, using the natural language querying interface provided by the proposed framework. © Rinton Press.