Faculty Publications

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    Energy storage system in microgrid
    (wiley, 2022) Ahmad, M.W.; Raushan, R.
    The energy storage systems (ESS) integrated microgrid have grown attention and acceptance because it has power reliability and sustainable energy utilization capability. Several ESS has been introduced with significant characteristics such as performance, size, life cycle, charging/discharging, safety, reliability, capacity, and cost. This chapter comprehensively reviews the types of ESS technologies, configurations, classifications, features, energy conversion, life cycle, and advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the power electronics converter interfacing the microgrid has also been briefly studied. The present review critically demonstrates the interfacing circuits of ESS to microgrids. The mathematical modeling of bidirectional DC-DC converter interfacing the ESS to DC microgrid is presented developed. Moreover, the modeling and control of VSI interfacing the BESS to a three-phase grid is also demonstrated. The simulation model for both systems is also developed in MATLAB-Simulink. A critical review of the obtained simulation results is presented to show the ability of the DC-DC converter and VSI system for charging the BESS and delivering the power to the microgrid as per the requirement assigned by the higher-level controller of the microgrid. © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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    Transient behavioural modelling of Battery Energy Storage System supporting Microgrid
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Joshua, A.M.; Vittal, K.P.
    Energy storage is a vital component for a resilient microgrid. The high investment cost associated with storage is the major deterrent for its integration in a microgrid. But with the advent of Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids, battery technology and its mass production have got a huge thrust. Cost of the battery is anticipated to come down in future and battery storage customary in microgrids. Though storage will solve all problems related to power mismatches between generation and loads, it brings some additional challenges. Due to the bidirectional power flows, control and protection become complicated. For an effective microgrid protection design, there is a need to study the transient behaviour of its components. In this paper, a microgrid model with a centralised Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is built. The control strategies automatically switch between grid connected and standalone modes of operation. The model is verified using PSCAD simulations for various operating scenarios. This paper emphasises the role of BESS in a microgrid and investigates the transient behaviour of Distributed Generators (DGs) under various faults in grid connected and islanded operation modes. © 2020 IEEE.
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    Matching Theory for Optimal Power Exchange in Distribution Networks
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Biji Varghese, K.V.; Gaonkar, D.N.
    Micro-grid distribution systems which use distributed energy sources are believed to be the heart of smart grid technology. while recent researches focus on communication and control aspects of microgrids this paper investigates power exchange efficiency. Distributed generations are the most efficient practice to minimize power losses. This paper presents an application of Gale-Shapely matching theory in distribution networks consist of a number of microgrids and the main grid. The proposed theory groups the agents (microgrids and main grid) into sellers with surplus energy and buyers with insufficient energy. The matching strategy matches the sellers and buyers inside the network. This optimal selection of participants makes the reduction in power losses during power exchange in the system. This novel theory enables the microgrids in the distributed networks to self adapt to changes in the surroundings such as changes in the power needs of the microgrids. Simulation results are compared with the conventional method to check. Simulation results show the proposed theory yields a considerable reduction in power losses in the distributed networks. © 2021 IEEE.
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    Autonomous Microgrid Using New Perspective on Droop Control in AC Microgrid
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Siddaraj, U.; Yaragatti, U.R.; Nagendrappa, H.
    Providing higher quality power to consumers through the existent microgrid is now a problem for the renewable energy source. Designing a droop controller for the microgrid is a necessity to construct a dependable and effective microgrid. In this paper, a P–F/Q–V droop method is used to connect several VSIs in parallel. Their parallels and differences are amply discussed in this study. A frequency droop control method and a virtual impedance approach are combined in the suggested method, which is coupled to two distributed generation (DG) local controllers and has each unit having a droop control and a voltage-current controller. An islanded system's load flexibility and microgrid reliability can both be enhanced by adding this controller. The microgrid was subjected to this idea without any real-time communication. Simulink/MATLAB was used to simulate this. The results obtained show that the microgrid (MG) model is effective in autonomous operation. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2024.
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    Adaptive Protection of Solar PV Microgrid Without ESS
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Meitei, L.P.; Vittal, K.P.; Pinto, J.A.
    Conventional sources play a major role in today’s power scenario. However, the trend has now been shifted toward non-conventional sources, viz., Solar, wind, tidal, etc. considering the depletion rate of fossil fuels, transmission losses and environmental impacts. As a result, Microgrids are getting popular nowadays due to its high reliability, nature of operation, and low operational cost. In this paper, an adaptive protection scheme is developed in MATLAB for a solar PV Microgrid without Energy Storage Systems (ESS) which can operate in both Grid connected mode (GCM) and Islanded Mode (IM). © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2024.
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    An investigation of PLL synchronization techniques for distributed generation sources in the grid-connected mode of operation
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Kulkarni, S.V.; Gaonkar, D.N.
    In recent years, the proliferation of grid-connected microgrid systems has witnessed a remarkable surge, driven by the need to enhance the availability and reliability of renewable energy sources during peak demand periods. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, these systems offer promising avenues for sustainable energy integration. To ensure seamless synchronization of renewable energy sources with the grid, Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) controllers have emerged as a key solution. However, the information available about these PLLs is limited. In this paper, the analysis, design, and comparison of PLLs, along with the exploration of a recently developed PLL synchronization method. Specifically, we evaluate the performance of prominent PLL techniques, including PSRF-PLL, SOGI-PLL, DSOGI-PLL, E-PLL, and IPT-PLL, under diverse test scenarios such as voltage sag, swell, unbalance, and harmonics. To assess their effectiveness, hardware-in-loop virtual and real-time test-beds are employed, enabling rigorous examination of the PLL techniques for grid synchronization. The reported results demonstrate the phase tracking capability when operating in grid-connected mode. Finally, conclusions are drawn from studies conducted in the electrical grid network's healthy and unhealthy environments. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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    Multiple inverters operated in parallel for proportional load sharing in microgrid
    (Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science info@iaesjournal.com, 2017) Chethan Raj, D.; Gaonkar, D.N.
    The new energy source utilization and development, gradual rise of distributed power grid miniaturization, intelligence, control has become a trend. In order to make microgrid reliable and efficiently run, control technology of microgrid has become a top priority and an inverter as microgrid basic unit, its control has become the most important part in microgrid. In this paper, three inverters are operated in parallel using an P-V/Q-F droop control is investigated. Mathematical model of three phase inverter with LC filter is derived, which is based on the voltage and current dual control loop. Parallel control strategy based on P-V/Q-F droop control, does not require a real time communications between the inverters and more suitable for microgrid applications. To verify the feasibility and validity of the droop control scheme, simulation is done in Matlab/Simulink and results indicate droop control has significant effect on power sharing and balancing the voltage magnitude, frequency. © 2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
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    Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power sharing
    (Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science info@iaesjournal.com, 2020) Siddaraj, U.; Yaragatti, U.R.; Nagendrappa, H.; Jhunjhunwala, V.K.
    The existing microgrid has become a challenge to the sustainable energy source to provide a better quality of power to the consumer. To build a reliable and efficient microgrid, designing a droop controller for the microgrid is of utmost importance. In this paper, multiple voltage source inverters connected in parallel using an active power-frequency/reactive power-voltage droop scheme. The proposed method connected to two distributed generators local controllers, where each unit consists of a droop controller with an inner voltage-current controller and a virtual droop controller. By adding this controller to the microgrid reliability and load adaptability of an islanded system can be improved. This concept applied without any real-time communication to the microgrid. Thus, simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the autonomous operation's microgrid model. © 2020, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
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    HIL implementation of an islanding detection and an automatic mode switching for droop-based microgrid
    (Inderscience Publishers, 2022) Kulkarni, S.V.; Gaonkar, D.N.
    This paper presents the control schemes and performance study of parallel connected inverter based distributed generation sources (DGs) in microgrid for grid-connected and stand-alone modes of operation. This standalone mode of operation of inverter based DG system is mainly based on droop control scheme with the virtual complex impedance in the outer voltage loop. The microgrid load power is proportionally shared by the DGs according to their power ratings which features a good reliability and efficiency. Both the modes are switched automatically based on the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) phase error sin(γ – θ). This phase error is used to detect the islanding during disturbances in the system and also helps in seamless transfer between the modes. The PLL phase error response, islanding detection and mode switching are presented for various fault conditions. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) based platform is used to evaluate the performance of the microgrid in both the modes with islanding detection and automatic mode switching operation. © © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
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    Protection schemes for a battery energy storage system based microgrid
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Joshua, A.M.; Vittal, K.P.
    This paper evaluates directional and adaptive overcurrent protection schemes in microgrids. A microgrid supported by a centralised Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is chosen for the study. The stringent PQ controller of BESS will not allow it to dissipate into a fault, during its charging mode, causing the conventional directional schemes to mal-operate. A direction estimation scheme using magnitude and angle of superimposed positive sequence impedance is proposed to address this issue in BESS. Further, two fault detection techniques are proposed for BESS integrated feeders. The Main Protection Unit (MPU) detects an internal fault when there is a mismatch in the direction of relays at either end of a feeder. The second scheme uses adaptive overcurrent relay settings. Since the fault current is limited with PQ control, the pickup current is calculated dynamically with this control. Whereas a fixed pickup current is chosen, when the BESS inverter is voltage controlled. Simulations have been carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The proposed schemes work well for bidirectional power flows and in grid connected and standalone modes of microgrid operation. © 2021