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    Biocompatible Nanohydroxyapatite from Cuttlefish Bone by Mechanochemical Method for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
    (Springer, 2024) Jalageri, M.B.; Kumar, G.C.
    Hydroxyapatite was synthesized from coral cuttlebone using a mechanochemical method in this study. The synthesized material was characterized using various techniques to determine its phases and functional groups. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis TGA were employed. FESEM analysis revealed an onedimensional nanorod morphology of the developed material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the primary phase was hydroxyapatite, with slight traces of tricalcium phosphate detected after calcination at 800 °C. The FTIR spectra exhibited peaks corresponding to phosphate and hydroxyl groups. At the same time, TGA results indicated the absence of any organic phase. Furthermore, the synthesized hydroxyapatite displayed excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cytocompatibility tests with MG63 fibroblast cells demonstrated that these materials are both antimicrobial and biocompatible, making them suitable for various biomedical applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
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    Synthesis and characterization of porous nano crystalline biphasic calcium phosphate for bio applications
    (2012) Shanthi, M.S.L.; Ashok, M.; Balasubramanian, T.
    The nano crystalline biphasic calcium phosphates of hydroxyapatite (HAp)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCp) in the ratio 80:20 and 72:28 with interconnected porosity have successfully been prepared by co-precipitation method using mixed catanionic surfactants as template. The sample was calcinated at various temperatures for 8 h. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and thermal analyser. The samples calcinated at 750°C and 850°C show 75% and 89% of crystallinity respectively. Usually to obtain the biphasic calcium phosphates, either the medium will be set as acidic by altering the pH or the Ca/P ratio can be set below the value of 1.5. However this experiment was neither conducted with low Ca/P ratio (≤1.5) nor at low pH (≤7) to obtain the mixed phase. The combination of surfactants and calcination temperature controls the HAp/β-TCp ratio. © 2012 SPIE.
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    Fabrication of eggshell derived hydroxyapatite polymer composite membrane for efficient removal of thorium ions from aqueous solutions
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Ravindran, C.; Anitha, A.; Kunhikrishnan Maniath, J.; Isloor, A.M.
    A novel eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite polymer composite membrane was fabricated to explore its efficiency in the elimination of Th(IV) metal ions from water bodies. Membrane fabrication was carried out by two stage process in which, at first hydroxyapatite (Hap) was derived from eggshell and the minerals thus obtained were used as filler in Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) - Poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based polymer membrane. Structural and morphological studies of PVA-PVP-Hap membrane were carried out by analyzing Fourier transform IR spectra (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction spectra (XRD), Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray images (SEM-EDX) etc. Water uptake capacity and ion exchange capacity were determined for membrane characterization. Optimization studies were performed for the elimination of Th(IV) metal from polluted water. Regeneration studies also proved that the membrane can be used upto 4 cycles of operation with less than 5% loss in performance using ethanol as eluent for the desorption of this pollutant from the membrane. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Structure and rheology of chitosan-nanohydroxyapatite composite hydrogel for soft tissue regeneration
    (American Institute of Physics Inc. subs@aip.org, 2020) Kumar, B.Y.S.; Isloor, A.M.; Periasamy, K.; Kumar, G.C.M.
    Chitosan (CS) hydrogels show desirable characteristics to use a soft tissue implants due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability and antimicrobial characteristics. However, the structural stability hinders its application in vivo. In the present work nanohydroxyapatite (HAp) was reinforced with chitosan hydrogel and to develop chitosan-hydroxyapatite (CS-HAp) composite hydrogel. The nanohydroxyapatite modifies the hydrogel network by promoting the secondary hydrogen bonds thereby enhances the mechanical stiffness. The elastic modulus could reach 10 kPa which is necessary for the proposed application. Overall, chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite hydrogels are the promising implant materials for next-generation soft tissue regeneration. © 2020 Author(s).
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    Cytocompatibility by MTT assay and platelet adhesion of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V coated with hydroxyapatite in different plasma gas atmospheres
    (Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, 2017) Kotian, R.; Rao, P.P.; Madhyastha, P.; Shobha, K.L.; Satish Rao, B.S.S.; Ginjupalli, K.
    Aim: This study was performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V metals coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) by plasma spray using different plasma gas atmospheres. Materials and methods: The cell viabilities for each HA-coated sample in an atmosphere of argon, argon–hydrogen, nitrogen, and nitrogen–hydrogen were studied using MTT assay and platelet adhesion test. Results: The mean cell viabilities by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay of samples coated with HA in argon–hydrogen plasma atmosphere showed maximum cell viability at different time intervals compared with other coating atmospheres of argon–hydrogen, nitrogen, and nitrogen–hydrogen. A statistically significant value of cell viability (p < 0.001) was observed between and within the groups of argon, argon–hydrogen, nitrogen, and nitrogen–hydrogen plasma gas atmosphere. The platelet adhesion study showed agglomerates of platelet cells in some isolated regions of HA for all atmospheres. Significance: The results obtained in this study can serve as a guide for the development of new Ti-based HA-coated implants in different plasma gas atmospheres. © 2017, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    X-ray diffraction analysis of hydroxyapatite-coated in different plasma gas atmosphere on Ti and Ti-6Al-4V
    (Medknow Publications subscription@eurjdent.com B9, Kanara Business Centre, off Link Road, Ghatkopar (E) Mumbai 400 075, 2017) Kotian, R.; Rao, P.P.; Madhyastha, P.
    Objective: The aim is to study the effect of plasma working gas on composition, crystallinity, and microstructure of hydroxyapatite (HA) coated on Ti and Ti-6Al-4V metal substrates. Materials and Methods: Ti and Ti-6Al-4V metal substrates were coated with HA by plasma spray using four plasma gas atmospheres of argon, argon/hydrogen, nitrogen, and nitrogen/hydrogen. The degree of crystallinity, the phases present, and microstructure of HA coating were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Variation in crystallinity and the microstructure of HA coating on plasma gas atmosphere was observed. Micro-cracks due to thermal stresses and shift in the 2? angle of HA compared to feedstock was seen. Conclusion: Plasma gas atmosphere has a significant influence on composition, crystallinity, and micro-cracks of HA-coated dental implants. © 2017 European Journal of Dentistry.
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    Dissolution and in vitro bioactive properties of BaO added Na2O-CaO-P2O5 glasses
    (Society of Glass Technology christine@glass.demon.co.uk, 2018) Edathazhe, A.B.; Shashikala, H.D.
    Na2O-CaO-P2O5 glasses with different additions of BaO were subjected to dissolution tests in deionised water and in vitro bioactivity tests in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as well as Hank's balanced salt (HBS) solution. Phosphate glasses of composition (26-x)Na2O-xBaO-29CaO-45P2O5 (x=0, 5, 10, 15 mol%) were prepared by melt-quenching. The dissolution characteristics of these glasses were studied in deionised water under static conditions based on BaO composition. The dissolution rate of the glasses in deionised water decreased with BaO content. The in vitro bioactivity tests were carried out in PBS and HBSS for 28 days under static conditions. The bioactivity of the samples was verified by XRD, SEM/EDS and FTIR techniques. Hydroxyapatite phases were formed on all the glass samples within seven days of immersion in HBSS and the bioactivity was found to improve with BaO content. The glasses without BaO and with 15 mol% BaO showed the hydroxyapatite phases within the immersion of 14 days in PBS whereas the glasses with 5 and 10 mol% BaO showed formation of amorphous hydroxyapatite phases. © 2018 Society of Glass Technology. All rights reserved.
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    Corrosion resistance and in-vitro bioactivity of BaO containing Na2O-CaO-P2O5 phosphate glass-ceramic coating prepared on 316 L, duplex stainless steel 2205 and Ti6Al4V
    (Institute of Physics Publishing helen.craven@iop.org, 2018) Edathazhe, A.B.; Shashikala, H.D.
    The phosphate glass with composition 11Na2O-15BaO-29CaO-45P2O5 was coated on biomedical implant materials such as stainless steel 316 L, duplex stainless steel (DSS) 2205 and Ti6Al4V alloy by thermal enamelling method. The structural properties and composition of glass coated substrates were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The coatings were partially crystalline in nature with porous structure and pore size varied from micro to nanometer range. The polarization curve was obtained for uncoated and coated substrates from electrochemical corrosion test which was conducted at 37 °C in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). The corrosion resistance of 316 L substrate increased after coating, whereas it decreased in case of DSS 2205 and Ti6Al4V. The XRD and SEM/EDS studies indicated the bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp) layer formation on all the coated surfaces after electrochemical corrosion test, which improved the corrosion resistance. The observed electrochemical corrosion behavior can be explained based on protective HAp layer formation, composition and diffusion of ions on glass coated surfaces. The in-vitro bioactivity test was carried out at 37 °C in HBS solution for 14 days under static conditions for uncoated and coated substrates. pH and ion release rate measurements from the coated samples were conducted to substantiate the electrochemical corrosion test. The lower ion release rates of Na+ and Ca2+ from coated 316 L supported its higher electrochemical corrosion resistance among coated samples. Among the uncoated substrates, DSS showed higher electrochemical corrosion resistance. Amorphous calcium-phosphate (ACP) layer formation on all the coated substrates after in-vitro bioactivity test was confirmed by XRD, SEM/EDS and ion release measurements. The present work is a comparative study of corrosion resistance and bioactivity of glass coated and uncoated biomedical implants such as 316 L, DSS and Ti6Al4V. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
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    Interfacial bonding of plasma-coated hydroxyapatite on titanium and Ti-6AI-4V
    (Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, 2018) Kotian, R.; Rao, P.; Madhyastha, P.
    Aim: The study aimed to understand the interfacial bonding and diffusion of elements between substrate metal and HA-coated titanium implants in different plasma gas atmosphere. Materials and methods: Commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V substrate metals were coated with hydroxyapatite by plasma spray in plasma gas atmospheres of argon, argon/ hydrogen, nitrogen, and nitrogen/hydrogen. The microstructure and interfacial bonding between the metal substrate and HA coating were studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispensive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffraction. Results: The analyses of the coatings obtained showed a different microstructural pattern of HA and diffusion of elements across the interface of metal and HA coating and chemical bonding for all plasma gas atmospheres. Conclusion: The plasma-coating atmosphere influences the microstructure and crystallization of HA. Diffusion of elements from metal substrate to HA coating and coating to metal surface indicate chemical bonding between the metal and coating in addition to usual mechanical bonding. Clinical significance: Bonding between the metal substrate and HA coating play a significant role in the stability of the dental implant. In addition to mechanical bonding, the plasma coated implants show some amount of chemical bonding at the interface. © 2018, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Faster Biomineralization and Tailored Mechanical Properties of Marine-Resource-Derived Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Tunable Interconnected Porous Architecture
    (American Chemical Society service@acs.org, 2019) Hadagalli, K.; Panda, A.K.; Mandal, S.; Basu, B.
    Although hydroxyapatite (HA)-based porous scaffolds have been widely researched in the last three decades, the development of naturally derived biomimetic HA with a tunable elastic modulus and strength together with faster biomineralization properties has not yet been achieved. To address this specific issue, we report here a scalable biogenic synthesis approach to obtain submicron HA powders from cuttlefish bone. The marine-resource-derived HA together with different pore formers can be conventionally sintered to produce physiologically relevant scaffolds with porous architecture. Depending on pore formers, the scaffolds with a range of porosity of up to 51% with a larger range of pore sizes up to 50 ?m were fabricated. An empirical relationship between the compression strength and the elastic modulus with fractional porosity was established. A combination of moderate compressive strength (12-15 MPa) with an elastic modulus up to 1.6 GPa was obtained from cuttlefish-bone-derived HA with wheat flour as the pore former. Most importantly, the specific HA scaffold supports the faster nucleation and growth of the biomineralized apatite layer with full coverage within 3 days of incubation in simulated body fluid. More importantly, the marine-species-derived HA supported better adhesion and proliferation of murine osteoblast cells than HA sintered using powders from nonbiogenic resources. The spectrum of physical and biomineralization properties makes cuttlefish-bone-derived porous HA a new generation of implantable biomaterial for potential application in cancellous bone regeneration. © 2019 American Chemical Society.