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    Numerical Analyses of Single-Phase Pressure Drop and Forced Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Water–Ethanol Mixture: An Application in Cooling of HEV Battery Module
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc. P.O.Box 18667 Newark NJ 07191-8667, 2016) Suhas, B.G.; Sathyabhama, A.
    The present numerical analyses are related to the cooling of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery module by water–ethanol mixture. The fluid is passed through a cold plate consisting of two rectangular channels of 0.01 m depth, 0.015 m width, and 0.15 m length. The battery module is represented by a heater placed below the cold plate. The single-phase pressure drop and single-phase heat transfer coefficient for water, water–ethanol mixture of mass fraction of 25%, 50%, and 75%, and ethanol are determined numerically for different heat fluxes of 10, 15, 20, and 25 kW/m2 and different Reynolds numbers 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500. To solve the Navier–Stokes equation, the pressure correction method was used and to solve the energy equation, the Lax–Wendroff explicit method is used. Numerical results obtained for water are compared with the literature correlations. The friction factor for water deviated by an average of 8.02% from the Lewis and Robertson equation. The Nusselt number for water deviated by 7.35% from the Churchill and Ozoe equation at lower Reynolds number 500 and at higher Reynolds number 2500, Nusselt number deviated by 13.68% from the Stephan equation. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient increased with an increase in Reynolds number and heat flux. The effect of the increase in Reynolds number is more significant than the increase in heat flux. At higher ethanol mass fraction and higher Reynolds number the heat transfer coefficient increased with heat flux when compared to water. There is no significant decrease in heat transfer coefficient with an increase in ethanol mass fraction. The pressure drop increased and the heat transfer coefficient decreased with an increase in ethanol mass fraction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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    Computational Modelling of Heat Transfer through Aluminium Metal Foams for LiFePO4 Battery Cooling
    (Bentham Science Publishers, 2024) Arjun, P.S.; Arumuga Perumal, D.
    Temperature is crucial for battery pack durability and power. Folded fin and serpentine channel cooling methods are mostly used to cool the pack. However, fluid absorption during cooling can reduce capacity and cause downstream temperatures to be higher than upstream. Consistent cooling is vital to prevent temperature variation and increase battery pack lifespan. This work is concerned with the computational study of heat dissipation from open-cell aluminium metal foam for cooling LiFePO4 battery packs. The battery module consists of six pieces of pouch cell and three pieces of the aluminium foam heat sink. In the present study, aluminium foams are positioned between the LiFePO4 battery modules that are arranged in a vertical manner. Thermal interaction between the battery module and aluminum foam was studied. The effect of pore density on heat dissipation performance at different mass flow rates was explored. It has been discovered that aluminium foam with suitable porosity and pore density can efficiently cool the LiFePO4 battery pack. This paper provides a theoretical framework for designing a thermal management system for lithium- ion batteries using aluminium foam. Background: Metal foam cooling is an established technique for thermal management of Lithiumion batteries in electric vehicles. Objective: The present study aims to analyze heat transfer through aluminium metal foams for vertically aligned LiFePO4 battery pack cooling. Methods: The Darcy extended Forchheimer (DEF) model examines fluid flow through metallic foams, using the local thermal non-equilibrium model to determine heat transfer. Results: The impact of the density of pores in the aluminium foam on the average wall temperature and temperature difference along the battery surface is determined. The variation of heat transfer of lithium-ion battery modules for different mass flow rates is also studied. Conclusion: The results indicate that utilizing aluminium foam as a heat transfer medium for battery modules significantly enhances their thermal management performance. © 2024 Bentham Science Publishers.