Faculty Publications
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Item Green Synthesis of Bioleached Flyash Iron Nanoparticles (GBFFeNP) Using Azadirachta Indica Leaves and Its Application as Fenton’s Catalyst in the Degradation of Dicamba(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Bhaskar, S.; Manu, B.; Sreenivasa, M.Y.Fly ash made its suitable application in the waste management and remediation application. This article presents the synthesis of nanoiron particles using bioleached fly ash iron and its application as Fenton’s catalyst in the degradation of an herbicide dicamba. Novel isolated bacterial strain Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans BMSNITK (MG 271,840) was used to recover iron from fly ash and green synthesis of fly ash iron nanoparticles was successfully carried out using Azadirachta indica. Synthesized iron nanoparticles were characterized with X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy and the catalytic role of bioleached fly ash nanoparticles was evaluated based on the degradation of target pollutant. Hydrogen peroxide and COD were considered as the indicating factors for tracing the reaction progress and degradation resulting 97.81% of dicamba degradation within 90 min. Study confirms the green synthesis of bioleached fly ash iron nanoparticle and its application in Fenton’s oxidation. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Performance Evaluation of Copper and German Silver Electrodes During Electrochemical Oxidation of Ametryn in Water(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Manu, B.; Sangami, S.; Gritlahre, V.; Malviya, Y.The comparative electrocoagulation treatment was studied for the degradation and mineralization of ametryn in water using copper (CE) and German silver (GE) electrodes both in batch and continuous modes of operation. The operating variables such as the number of electrodes (2, 4), voltage (6, 12 V), current density (4–15 A/m2), initial concentration of ametryn (15, 20, 25 ppm), reaction time (0–120 min) and flow rate (0.5, 1, 1.5 Lph) were varied without changing the actual pH of the aqueous solution. The maximum removal of 80–85% of ametryn was achieved with a combination of 2 electrodes, 6 V, 1 Lph of flow rate and 80 min of reaction time. The copper electrode shows better performance than German silver electrodes, with less power consumption. The removal efficiency was decreased with increasing the initial concentration of ametryn and pH was gradually increased from 7–9.5. As the reaction proceeds, the pH was slowly increased in GE electrodes (7–9.6), which is more than in CE electrodes (7.8.6). The overall results revealed that CE and GE electrodes proved to be an alternative for other electrodes such as aluminum, iron and platinum. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Fenton's treatment of actual agriculture runoff water containing herbicides(IWA Publishing 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, 2017) Sangami, S.; Manu, B.This research was to study the efficiency of the Fenton's treatment process for the removal of three herbicides, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), ametryn and dicamba from the sugarcane field runoff water. The treatment process was designed with the Taguchi approach by varying the four factors such as H 2 O 2 /COD (1-3.5), H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ (5-50), pH (2-5) and reaction time (30-240 min) as independent variables. Influence of these parameters on chemical oxygen demand (COD), ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies (dependent variables) were investigated by performing signal to noise ratio and other statistical analysis. The optimum conditions were found to be H 2 O 2 /COD: 2.125, H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ : 27.5, pH: 3.5 and reaction time of 135 min for removal efficiencies of 100% for ametryn, 95.42% for dicamba, 88.2% for 2,4-D and with 75% of overall COD removal efficiencies. However, the percentage contribution of H 2 O 2 /COD ratio was observed to be significant among all four independent variables and were 44.16%, 67.57%, 51.85% and 50.66% for %COD, ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies, respectively. The maximum removal of herbicides was observed with the H 2 O 2 dosage of 5.44 mM and Fe 2+ dosage of 0.12 mM at pH 3.5. © IWA Publishing 2017 W.Item Synthesis of Green Iron Nanoparticles using Laterite and their application as a Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of herbicide Ametryn in water(Elsevier B.V., 2017) Sangami, S.; Manu, B.The Fe nanoparticles were synthesized using eucalyptus leaf extracts. The low cost and locally available laterite was used as a source of iron rather than using iron salts (Ferrous sulfate, Ferric chloride etc.). The raw laterite particles (RLPs) and synthesized green iron nanoparticles (LGFeNPs) were characterized using FESEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR and BET techniques. The obtained results confirm that 20–70 nm of spherical iron particles were formed with surface area of 36.62m2?g. Later, the LGFeNPs were applied as a Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation ametryn in aqueous medium. The effect of variables (H2O2?COD (1–3.25), H2O2?Fe (2–10), pH (2–5) and reaction time (30–240)) involved in the treatment process was studied on two responses (COD and ametryn removal efficiency) using the response surface methodology. The optimum values were found to be 2.125, 6, 3.5 and 135 min for H2O2?COD, H2O2?Fe, pH and reaction time respectively with H2O2 dosage of 17 mg/L and 2.83 mg/L of LGFeNPs. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results proved that, the obtained results were satisfactory with predicted values. Compared with chemical (NaBH4 reduction) and green synthesis using iron salts as a precursor, the laterite based green synthesis proved to be more effective in degradation of ametryn with faster reaction kinetics. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.Item Bacteriological synthesis of iron hydroxysulfate using an isolated Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain and its application in ametryn degradation by Fenton's oxidation process(Academic Press, 2019) Bhaskar, S.; Manu, B.; Sreenivasa, M.Y.The investigation reports the application of biogenic jarosite, an iron hydroxy sulfate mineral in Fenton's Oxidation process. Ametryn, a herbicide detrimental to aquatic life and also to human is treated by Fenton's oxidation process using synthesized iron mineral, jarosite. The jarosite synthesis was carried out by using an isolated Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacterial strain with ferrous as an iron supplement. The isolated strain was characterized by molecular techniques and biooxidation activity to ferrous to ferric iron was checked. On Fenton's treatment ametryn degradation upto 84.9% and COD removal to the extent of 56.1% was observed within 2 h of treatment and the reaction follows the pseudo first order kinetics with the curve best fit. The slight increase in kinetic rate constant on jarosite loading rate increase from 0.1 g/L to 0.5 g/L with H2O2 dosage of 100 mg/L confirms that jarosite has a catalytic role in the removal of ametryn. Mass spectroscopy analysis of treated synthetic ametryn solution at various intervals reveal the degradation follows dealkylation and hydroxylation pathway with the formation of three major intermediate compounds discussed here. © 2018 Elsevier LtdItem Biodegradation of ametryn and dicamba in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic batch reactor: A case study(IWA Publishing 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, 2019) Mahesh, G.B.; Manu, B.Agricultural runoff often contains persistent halogenated herbicide compounds like 2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (ametryn) and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba). These can enter the food chain through drinking water, causing serious effects for people and the environment. A sequential anaerobic reactor followed by an aerobic reactor was operated and investigated for herbicide removal efficiency at constant, three-day, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.2025 kg-COD/m3/d. The effect of the herbicides on anaerobic bacteria was evaluated based on total biogas production and bacterial activity, which indicated that there was no inhibition on the acclimated biomass. The sequential reactor pair removed 72% of ametryn and 78% dicamba, with COD removal efficiencies of 86% and 85% respectively. The different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peaks indicate that the compounds are biotransformed and this was confirmed by gas chromatograph high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). © IWA Publishing 2019.Item Removal of ametryn and organic matter from wastewater using sequential anaerobic-aerobic batch reactor: A performance evaluation study(Academic Press, 2019) Mahesh, G.B.; Manu, B.The present study was aimed to investigate biodegradation of 2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (ametryn) in a laboratory-scale anaerobic sequential batch reactor (ASBR) and followed by aerobic post-treatment. Co-treatment of ametryn with starch is carried out at ambient environmental conditions. The treatment process lasted up to 150 days of operation at a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.21–0.215 kg-COD/m3/d. Ametryn concentration of 4 and 6 mg/L was removed completely within 48–50 days of operation with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies >85% at optimum reactor conditions. Ametryn acted as a nutrient/carbon source rather causing toxicity and contributed to methane gas production and sludge granulation in the anaerobic reactor. Biotransformation products of ametryn to cyanuric acid, biuret, and their further conversion to ammonia nitrogen and CO2 are monitored during the study. Adsorption of ametryn on to reactor sludge was negligible, sludge granulation, presence of ANAMMOX bacteria, and low MLVSS/MLSS ratio between 0.68 and 0.72. The study revealed that ametryn removal occurred mainly due to biodegradation and co-metabolism processes. Aerobic post-treatment of anaerobic effluent was able to remove COD up to 95%. The results of this study exhibit that anaerobic-aerobic treatment is feasible due to easy operation, economic, and highly efficient. © 2019 Elsevier LtdItem Enhancement of ametryn biodegradation efficiency using anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate in anaerobic-aerobic treatment(Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania, 2020) Mahesh, M.G.; Manu, B.Ametryn (2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine), a herbicide present in different type of wastewater was treated using the anaerobic-aerobic batch reactor in the presence of anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate (AQS) as a redox mediator. The anaerobic co-treatment process was conducted for an influent ametryn concentration of 8-10 mg/L during 280 days in previously acclimated biomass. Different intermediate compounds of ametryn were identified in the anaerobic effluent using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (LC-MS). Low mixed liquor volatile suspended solids/mixed liquor suspended solids (MLVSS/MLSS) ratio between 0.71-0.81 indicated a stable anaerobic performance. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M), sludge age and solids retention time (SRT) for anaerobic reactors observed was 0.19 - 0.27, for 7 days and 64-190 days respectively. The aerobic reactor was coupled sequentially to remove trace organic matter and the intermediate compounds in the anaerobic effluent. In the aerobic reactor, MLVSS/MLSS ratio observed was 0.68-0.75, F/M ratio was 0.166, sludge age 15 days, and SRT 190-310 days. The overall removal efficiency of anaerobic-aerobic treatment was >99% for both ametryn and COD. Anaerobic-aerobic effluent was fed to the micro-algae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda, and the effluent has contributed to algal growth. © 2020 Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania. All rights reserved.Item Non-ferrous Fenton’s Oxidation of Ametryn Using Bioleached E-waste Copper as a Catalyst(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Bhaskar, S.; Manoj, A.; Manu, B.; Sreenivasa, M.Y.; Mudipu, V.Shake flask study on bioleaching of copper from e-waste using novel isolated bacterial strain Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans BMSNITK17 was conducted and reported. Under suitable conditions, about 77% of copper was recovered. The process was optimized with several influencing parameters like pulp density, pH, inoculum, temperature, and shake flask speed. To find the vital variables that affect copper dissolution, correlation studies and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. Investigation on the application of recovered copper as a catalyst in Fenton’s oxidation of ametryn proved the catalytic role of copper with 87% of ametryn degradation efficiency. This study confirms the usage potential of acidophilic bacterial strain toward recovery of valuable metals from e-waste and its application as a catalyst in advanced oxidation process for the degradation of organic pollutants. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.Item Fenton and Sono-Fenton degradation of selective herbicides in water using bioleached Fe-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles (BFe-CuNPs)(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Bhaskar, S.; Ashraf, S.; Apoorva, K.V.Bimetallic nanoparticles offer an innovative solution for treating water and wastewater systems using a heterogeneous Fenton-like process. This study investigates the synthesis of iron-copper bimetallic nanoparticles using bioleached iron and copper as precursors and evaluates their performance in the degradation of selective herbicides ametryn and dicamba by Fenton’s oxidation and Sono-Fenton’s oxidation. Bioleaching experiments were conducted separately for iron and copper leaching from laterite ore and chalcocite ore, respectively, using isolated Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacterial strain. Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans, a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium oxidizes ferrous iron and reduced sulfur compounds, generating sulfuric acid playing a crucial role in the solubilization of iron from laterite ore and copper from chalcocite. In the case of laterite ore, the bacterium’s iron oxidation activity helps release iron from the mineral matrix, making it more accessible for extraction. Similarly, with chalcocite, A. ferrooxidans facilitates the dissolution of copper from chalcocite (Cu2S) through its sulfur-oxidizing capabilities. The synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including SEM, XRD, EDS, FTIR, and BET analysis. Fenton’s oxidation and Sono-Fenton’s oxidation of mixture ametryn and dicamba in a solution catalyzed by the bioleached Fe-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles were found to be effective, with ametryn degradation reaching 96.4% and 94.2%, and dicamba degradation reaching 98.1% and 99.3%, respectively, at a catalyst loading of 0.5 g/L. The removal efficiency increased with increasing catalyst loading up to 0.5 g/L and increasing H2O2 dosage up to 500 mg/L. Sono-Fenton’s oxidation led to higher COD reduction of 78.41% compared to conventional Fenton oxidation 70.42% with a reaction rate of 0.039/Min and 0.0053/Min respectively. The study demonstrates the potential of bioleached iron-copper bimetallic nanoparticles as a sustainable replacement for commercial catalysts in the oxidative degradation of herbicides. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.