Faculty Publications
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Item Hydrochloric acid-catalyzed coproduction of furfural and 5-(chloromethyl)furfural assisted by a phase transfer catalyst(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Bhat, N.S.; Vinod, N.; Onkarappa, S.B.; Dutta, S.Furfural has been produced in 53% isolated yield from D-xylose within an aqueous HCl-1,2-dichloroethane biphasic reaction mixture using benzyltributylammonium chloride (BTBAC) as a phase transfer catalyst. The use of BTBAC noticeably improved the yield of furfural compared to that in the control reaction. The reaction was optimized on the reaction temperature, duration, concentration of HCl, and the loading of BTBAC. Furfural and 5-(chloromethyl)furfural (CMF) have also been coproduced from a mixture of pentose and hexose sugars. Under optimized conditions (100 °C, 3 h, 20.2% HCl, 10 wt% BTBAC), CMF and furfural were isolated in 17% and 53% yield, respectively, from a mixture of glucose and xylose. In addition, levulinic acid was isolated from the aqueous layer in 31% yield. © 2020 Elsevier LtdItem Production of Alkyl Levulinates from Carbohydrate-Derived Chemical Intermediates Using Phosphotungstic Acid Supported on Humin-Derived Activated Carbon (PTA/HAC) as a Recyclable Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst(MDPI, 2023) Vinod, N.; Dutta, S.This work reports a straightforward and high-yielding synthesis of alkyl levulinates (ALs), a class of promising biofuel, renewable solvent, and chemical feedstock of renewable origin. ALs were prepared by the acid-catalyzed esterification of levulinic acid (LA) and by the alcoholysis of carbohydrate-derived chemical platforms, such as furfuryl alcohol (FAL) and α-angelica lactone (α-AGL). Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) was chosen as the solid acid catalyst for the transformation, which was heterogenized on humin-derived activated carbon (HAC) for superior recyclability. Using HAC as catalyst support expands the scope of valorizing humin, a complex furanic resin produced inevitably as a side product (often considered waste) during the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis/dehydration of sugars and polymeric carbohydrates. Under optimized conditions (150 °C, 7 h, 25 wt.% of 20%PTA/HAC-600 catalyst), ethyl levulinate (EL) was obtained in an 85% isolated yield starting from FAL. Using the general synthetic protocol, EL was isolated in 88% and 84% yields from LA and α-AGL, respectively. The 20%PTA/HAC-600 catalyst was successfully recovered from the reaction mixture and recycled for five cycles. A marginal loss in the yield of ALs was observed in consecutive catalytic cycles due to partial leaching of PTA from the HAC support. © 2023 by the authors.