Faculty Publications
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Item Electrolytic preparation of cyclic multilayer Zn-Ni alloy coating using switching cathode current densities(2010) Venkatakrishna, K.; Hegde, A.C.Cyclic multilayer alloy (CMA) coating of Zn-Ni was developed on mild steel using single bath technique, by proper manipulation of cathode current densities. The thickness and composition of the individual layers were altered precisely and conveniently by cyclic modulation of cathode current densities. Multilayer coatings, having sharp change in compositions were developed using square current pulses. Gelatin and sulphanilic acid (SA) acid were used as additives. Laminar deposits with different configurations were produced, and their corrosion behaviors were studied, in 5% NaCl solution by electrochemical methods. It was observed that the corrosion resistance of CMA coating increased progressively with number of layers (up to certain optimal numbers) and then decreased. Cyclic voltammetry study demonstrated the role of gelatin and SA in multilayer coating. The coating configuration has been optimized for the peak performance against corrosion. The substantial decrease of corrosion rate, in the case of multilayer coatings was attributed to the changed intrinsic electric properties, evidenced by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) study. The surface morphology and its roughness were examined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The surface and cross-sectional view of coatings were examined, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) study was carried out for surface analysis. The relative performance of pure Zn, monolithic and CMA coatings were compared and discussed. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.Item Composition modulated multilayer Zn-Fe alloy coatings on mild steel for better corrosion resistance(2011) Venkatakrishna, K.; Hegde, A.C.Composition modulated alloy (CMA) of Zn-Fe coatings were developed on mild steel galvanostatically from chloride bath containing sulphanilic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AA) through single bath technique (SBT). The properties of CMA coatings were found to depend on the thickness of individual layers and switching cathode current densities (SCCDs). The CMA (Zn-Fe) coating, having 120 layers, deposited at 20 and 50mAcm-2, were found to show the least corrosion rate (1.545 × 10-2mmy-1) compared to monolithic alloy (32.5 × 10-2mmy-1) of the same thickness. The improved corrosion resistance of multilayered coatings was due to the fact that the defects and failures occurring in a single layer in the deposition process is covered by the successively deposited coating layers, and hence the corrosive agent path is extended or blocked. Further, the high corrosion resistance of CMA Zn-Fe coatings was attributed to the "dielectric barrier" of the coatings, evidenced by dielectric spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky's plot. The corrosion rate was found to increase at high degree of layering, and is attributed to less relaxation time for redistribution of metal ions in diffusion layer, during plating. In other words, at higher layer thickness, the CMA coating tends to become a monolithic. CMA coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Electrochemical studies on the corrosion resistance of Zn–Ni–Co coating from acid chloride bath(Springer, 2020) Bhat, R.S.; Manjunatha, K.B.; Prasanna Shankara, R.; Venkatakrishna, K.; Hegde, A.C.Anticorrosive deposits are a valuable approach to defending against corrosion from mild steel structures/machinery equipment. The Zn–Ni–Co coating has been deposited on low carbon steel surfaces using environment friendly optimized acidic chloride bath with ZnCl2·6H2O, NiCl2·6H2O, CoCl2·6H2O, sulphanilic acid (C6H7NO3S) and gelatin (C6H8O6). The standard Hull cell technique has been adopted for the optimization of bath components and experimental conditions, for the superior corrosion resistant coating. The corrosion test with potentiodynamic polarization method was performed to investigate the role of pH on the film quality and corrosion performances of the films. Further, the effect of current densities on corrosion resistance, thickness and hardness, have been investigated. Cyclic voltammetry technique has been used to test the electrochemical properties of the Zn–Ni–Co coating in acidic solutions. The results revealed that the increase in the current density favoured the increase in Ni and Co content in the deposit, showed higher corrosion resistance and higher cathodic current efficiency. The structural and morphological characteristics of the alloy coating have been obtained through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The atomic force microscope was used to examine the topographic structure of the coating. X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of alloy coatings and verified by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results indicate that a new and low-cost chloride bath for Zn–Ni–Co coating exhibit superior corrosion resistance properties and can be implement in various industrial applications such as automobiles, machine tools etc.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Compositionally Modulated Multilayered Zn-Co Deposits for Better Corrosion Resistance(Springer, 2020) Bhat, R.S.; Venkatakrishna, K.; Nayak, J.; Hegde, A.C.Zn-Co compositionally modulated multilayer alloy (CMMA) deposits have been developed onto mild steel using single bath technique. Multilayer alloy coatings have been galvanostatically produced using square current pulses. The switched cathode current density and number of layers have been designed for improved corrosion resistance. Experimental data revealed that multilayer coating with 120 layers at 10/30 mA/cm2 demonstrated ~ 125 times higher resistance to corrosion than monolayer alloy coating of the same thickness. The improved corrosion resistance of multilayer coatings is due to small changes in the wt.% cobalt, leading to change in the phase structure of deposit in alternate layers. The defects and failures occurring in a single layer in the deposition process are covered by the alternatively deposited coating layers. Therefore, the direction of the corrosive agent is extended or blocked. Further, the better corrosion resistances afforded by Zn-Co CMMA coatings were explained through changes in electronic properties at the interface, supported by Mott-Schottky’s plot. However, the decrease of corrosion resistance at a high degree of layering is attributed to the less relaxation time for redistribution of solutes in the diffusion layer, during plating. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance data showed its good protection ability. The enhanced corrosion resistance of multilayered deposits is due to small change in cobalt content, leading to alter the phase structure of the alternate-layers of the deposits. The structural morphology and the topographical structure of the coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Evaluation of the chemical composition of the alloy coatings was carried out by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. © 2020, ASM International.Item Electrodeposition of Zn–Co Coating and its Electrochemical Performance(Pleiades journals, 2022) Bhat, R.S.; Manjunatha, K.B.; Venkatakrishna, K.; Hegde, A.C.Abstract: We report the acid chloride bath based electroplating of Zn–Co alloy on low carbon steel (LCS). As additives, the sulphanilic acid (SA) and gelatin were used for electroplating. The bath exhibited an anomalous co-deposition with a higher deposition of Zn over nobler Co. The role of bath composition, current density, partial current density, pH, and temperature on thickness, hardness, and corrosion resistance of deposit was studied. The corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt % sodium chloride solution and electrochemical behavior in acid chloride solutions of Zn–Co alloy coatings were studied using the potentiodynamic polarization method and cyclic voltammetry technique respectively. Mott–Schottky plot with positive slope confirms the development of n-type semiconductor layer at the interface of substrate and coating, which results in superior corrosion resistance of coatings. The colorimetric method has been used to estimate the composition of the deposit and further verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) technique. The surface features and the topographical structure of the alloy film were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The results indicate that the Zn–Co alloy films exhibited superior corrosion resistance with the lowest corrosion rate (138 µm y–1). Hence this alloy coating will find suitable applications in automobile and aerospace industries. © 2022, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.Item Electrochemical Studies of Zn-Ni-Fe Alloy Coatings for Better Corrosion Resistance Applications(Springer, 2022) Bhat, R.S.; Munjunatha, K.B.; Bhat, S.I.; Venkatakrishna, K.; Hegde, A.C.Anti-corrosive alloy coatings are a valuable solution to the protection of low carbon steel structures/equipment against corrosion. The Zn-Ni-Fe coatings have been deposited galvanostatically on low carbon steel from an acid chloride bath. Sulfanilic acid and gelatin were used as additives for the homogeneity of the deposit. The Hull cell method has been used to optimize both bath constituents and plating conditions. The corrosion behavior of the coating films was examined with potentiodynamic polarization and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. The effects of current density, pH, and temperature on deposit properties like hardness, thickness, and corrosion rates were examined. The electrochemical characteristics of the Zn-Ni-Fe have been studied by the cyclic voltammetry technique. The morphology of the deposit was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and the surface roughness of the coating film was analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The Ni and Fe contents in the deposit were analyzed by colorimetric technique and cross-checked with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. The capacitive reactance at the interface is attributed to the excellent corrosion resistance at optimal current density (40 mA cm−2) as indicated by the Nyquist plot with large polarization resistance. Furthermore, the positive slope of Mott-Schottky revealed that the semiconductor film at the interface is n-type. The results show that a new Zn-Ni-Fe alloy coating film exhibits better corrosion resistance properties and can be executed in industrial applications such as machine tools, bolts, and nuts in the automobile for corrosion protection, etc. © 2022, ASM International.