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Item Laboratory investigation on hydraulic performance of enlarged pile head breakwater(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Suvarna, P.S.; Hunasanahally Sathyanarayana, A.H.; Umesh, P.; Shirlal, K.G.Coastal erosion of beaches has been a common problem around the world. One of the eco-friendly control measures for coastal erosion is to dissipate the energy of waves impinging on the shores by constructing offshore breakwater. Pile breakwater is one such type of offshore breakwater that consists of a number of closely spaced piles. Construction of piles at closer spacing is highly challenging and expensive. This problem can be addressed by reducing the number of piles and modifying the pile with an enlarged head in the vicinity of the water surface, where wave energy is concentrated. In the present study, an experimental investigation on the hydraulic performance of enlarged pile head breakwater is conducted in a wave flume. The concept breakwater is subjected to monochromatic waves of varying wave heights, wave periods and water depth. The experimental results show that the least value of transmission coefficient is 0.62 and reflection coefficient is 0.123 with the highest value of dissipation coefficient of 0.77 for the structural configuration of b/D ratio of 0.2, D/Hmax of 0.6 and Y/Hmax of 1.0 at a water depth of 0.3 m. Observed results are encouraging and are in line with the similar type of pile breakwaters in a single row. The present experimental data is also validated with the available theoretical solutions. Since the results from the compared theoretical solution are not in good agreement, a hybrid theoretical model is reconstructed based on experimental results of pile head breakwater. The proposed modified version of the hybrid equation predicts encouragingly better transmission, reflection and dissipation coefficient than the existing solutions. Moreover, the results predicted by the proposed hybrid equation are in good agreement with that of other similar pile breakwater models. © 2020 Elsevier LtdItem Performance characteristics of a conical pile head breakwater: An experimental study(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Hunasanahally Sathyanarayana, A.H.; Suvarna, P.S.; Umesh, P.; Shirlal, K.G.Breakwaters are constructed for dissipating the wave energy and safeguarding the coastline from destructive wave forces. Conventional pile breakwater built using prismatic circular piles has been proven to provide partial protection efficiently. In the present study, the conventional pile breakwater is modified by widening the pile's cross-sectional area at the surface level in a conical shape. The concept of introducing the conical shape is to attenuate the concentrated wave energy, mainly focusing at the surface. The influence of the structural parameters such as diameter, height and clear spacing of the conical pile head is investigated experimentally for various monochromatic wave climatic conditions. The investigation is also focused on determining the influence of the second row on performance characteristics. The analysis shows that the least transmission coefficient (Kt) of 0.662 for the configuration of D/Hmax = 0.4, Y/Hmax = 1.5 and b/D = 0.1 for a single row of piles. Further, the second row of piles' inclusion resulted in improved attenuation characteristics of conical pile head breakwater (CPHB) with the least Kt of 0.582 at an optimal B/D of 0.4. The performance of the CPHB is compared with the theoretical solutions of conventional pile breakwater. The results indicate that the introduction of pile head on conventional pile breakwater is beneficial in improving wave attenuation. A set of empirical equations is developed based on the experimental values for quick prediction of Kt and Kr. The estimated values of Kt and Kr are in line with the experimental data with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. The overall performance of the CPHB is found to be promising as a potential coastal protection structure. © 2021 Elsevier LtdItem Hydraulic performance of perforated enlarged pile head breakwaters through laboratory investigation(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Suvarna, P.S.; Hunasanahally Sathyanarayana, A.H.; Umesh, P.; Shirlal, K.G.An economical, ecofriendly and efficient breakwater system is vital for coastal protection and harbour tranquility. In this regard, various researchers are working to develop the appropriate solutions to encounter site-specific challenges. With this viewpoint, concept of enlarged pile head breakwater is developed. The study focuses on improving the hydraulic efficiency of pile breakwater by enlarging the structure near the free surface and providing it with perforations. Effect of percentage distribution of perforations, size of perforations and percentage of perforations on wave transmission, reflection and dissipation characteristics of the structure is investigated. The physical experiments are conducted in a two-dimensional wave flume under varying monochromatic wave climates. Results indicate that the pore size highly dominants the wave attenuation than considering the increasing percentage of perforations with the small size of the pore. Perforations effectively reduce the Kt of about 10%–18% to that of non-perforated pile head breakwater. Hydraulic efficiency of enlarged pile head breakwater is optimum when D/Hmax = 0.6, Y/Hmax = 1.0, b/D = 0.2, S = 0.25D, pa = 75% and P = 22.5 at 0.3 m water depth. A hybrid theoretical solution is developed based on the current set of experimental data for the quick estimate of hydraulic coefficients. The proposed hybrid equation for the perforated pile breakwater predicts more desirable values of Kt, Kr and Kd. The proposed concept of breakwater gives a reasonably enhanced hydraulic efficiency than the compared type of breakwaters. © 2021 Elsevier LtdItem Numerical Modelling of an Innovative Conical Pile Head Breakwater(MDPI, 2022) Hunasanahally Sathyanarayana, A.H.; Suvarna, P.S.; Umesh, P.; Shirlal, K.G.; Bihs, H.; Kamath, A.When moderate wave activity at the shoreline is acceptable, pile breakwaters can serve as an alternative to conventional breakwaters. Increasing the size of the pile breakwater in the vicinity of the free surface increases the hydraulic efficiency, as most of the wave energy is concentrated around the free surface. Therefore, a conical pile head breakwater (CPHB) is proposed in the present study by gradually widening the diameter of the piles towards the free surface. Using the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model REEF3D, the transmission, reflection, and dissipation characteristics of the CPHB with monochromatic and irregular waves are examined. The investigation is carried out for both perforated and non-perforated CPHBs using monochromatic waves, and the numerical results are validated using experimental data. Further, optimally configured non-perforated and perforated CPHBs are investigated numerically by subjecting them to irregular waves using the Scott–Wiegel spectrum. The wave attenuation characteristics of the CPHBs are found to be better with irregular waves compared to monochromatic waves. With irregular waves, the minimum transmission coefficients for non-perforated and perforated CPHBs are 0.36 and 0.34, respectively. Overall, the CPHB appears to be a potential solution for coastal protection. © 2022 by the authors.Item Investigation on innovative pile head breakwater for coastal protection(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2024) Hunasanahally Sathyanarayana, A.H.; Suvarna, P.S.; Umesh, P.; Shirlal, K.G.Coastal erosion is a global concern that has been augmenting due to the natural evolution of beaches, human activities and sea-level rise. One of the eco-friendly shore protection methods is to dissipate the wave energy by constructing offshore breakwaters. Conical pile head breakwater (CPHB) is one of the eco-friendly innovative offshore structures consisting of closely spaced piles with an enlarged cross-sectional area (conical pile head) in the vicinity of the free surface. In the present study, perforations are incorporated over the conical pile head to achieve higher efficiency by promoting energy dissipation. The influence of the perforations on the performance characteristics, namely wave transmission (Kt), wave reflection (Kr) and energy dissipation (Kd) of the perforated CPHB is comprehensively investigated through physical model studies. The effect of perforations and their distribution around the pile head (Pa), percentage of perforation (P) and size of perforations (S/D) on the wave attenuation characteristics are evaluated to arrive at an optimum configuration. The study is carried out under monochromatic waves of varying wave height (0.06–0.16 m) and wave period (1.4–2 s) at different depths of water (0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 m). A minimum Kt of 0.58 associated with Kr of 0.26 and Kd of 0.78 is obtained with an optimum configuration of Pa = 50%, P = 19.2% and S/D = 0.25. The Kt of the proposed CPHB is about 19 to 35% lesser than that of the perforated hollow pile breakwater under matching test conditions. Overall, providing the perforations is found to be effective in enhancing the wave attenuation capability by up to 12.4%. Further, empirical equations are formulated and validated with the experimental data. The empirical equations estimate the Kt and Kr values accurately with a high coefficient of determination (R2≥ 0.90). © IMechE 2023.Item Investigating the wave attenuation capabilities of rectangular pile head breakwater: A physical modelling approach(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Hunasanahally Sathyanarayana, A.H.; Suvarna, P.S.; Banagani, V.K.Y.; Umesh, P.; Shirlal, K.G.The study provides a comprehensive examination of single row Rectangular Pile Head Breakwaters (RPHB), encompassing both non-perforated and perforated variations. In the non-perforated RPHB category, the investigation delves into the effects of pile head height and width, and wave climate. For perforated RPHB structures, the study analyses the influence of percentage of perforations, perforation size, and depth of water. Further, the research includes a comparative assessment between non-perforated and perforated RPHB structures. Additionally, the research conducts a comparative analysis with similar structures. In the case of non-perforated RPHB, the configuration with relative pile head diameter (D/d) of 2.4 and relative pile head height (Y/Hmax) of 1.5 stood out as the most effective model. Similarly, the perforated RPHB demonstrated its maximum wave attenuation potential with percentage of perforations (P) of 24% with relative size of perforations (S/D) of 0.25. This optimal configuration achieved a minimal wave transmission coefficient (Kt) of 0.53, reflection coefficient (Kr) of 0.33, and energy dissipation coefficient (Kd) of 0.79 at a relative water depth (h/H) 0.865. Notably, the introduction of perforations on the RPHB structure led to an improvement in wave attenuation performance by 4–8%, resulting in lower reflection and higher energy dissipation. Comparatively, the RPHB structure outperformed the Enlarged (cylindrical) Pile Head Breakwater (EPHB) and Conical Pile Head Breakwater (CPHB) structures in terms of wave attenuation, exhibiting higher reflection and superior energy dissipation characteristics. The consistent outcome of these investigations reveals that the RPHB exhibits superior hydrodynamic performance characteristics and design suitability, making it a promising choice for breakwater applications. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd