Faculty Publications
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Item Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors(wiley, 2021) Udaya Bhat, K.; Bhat Panemangalore, D.B.Compact, flexible, high energy and high density energy storage devices are required to power electronic skins, implantable devices and flexible sensors. Compact and flexible supercapacitors are the need of the hour. Research has been in progress to improve the performance of the electrodes and electrolyte with respect to the batteries and supercapacitors. A number of electrolytes have been designed and tested for the supercapacitor applications. Electrolytes based on ionic liquids are useful to improve the performance from the angle of widening operating voltage, improving energy density, charge-discharge cycling, etc. In this chapter, essential details of a supercapacitor, followed by different components of a supercapacitor, various types and features of electrolytes, developments in ionic liquid electrolytes, design aspects in ionic liquid electrolyte usage, concept of mechanical integrity in flexible supercapacitor design are explored. © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.Item Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells(wiley, 2023) Udaya Bhat, K.; Bhat Panemangalore, B.P.With the increase in energy demands, an incentive is given for scientific research towards providing sustained supply of energy to mankind. Among several alternative fuels, biofuel cells are an emerging field that is given a major impetus. Using a biological and chemical process to produce clean and efficient electrical energy can reduce the usage of to-be extinct fossil fuels. To facilitate these processes, enzymes and microbes play a very important role in transfer of electrons around the electrolyte and across electrodes. Several plant and animal-based products can be used and they are discussed. Among different materials used to synthesize biofuel cells, this chapter primarily discusses carbon-based nanomaterials which are attractive due to many significant properties it exhibits. Several such materials exist like graphite, carbon nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanorods that differ in morphology and presents remarkable opportunities to design and fabricate different varieties of biofuel cells. The composition and power densities of various biofuel cells are presented along with its several applications like in vivo implantation, energy extraction from body fluids and fruits. Smart textiles, self-powered biosensing applications of these biofuel cells suggest that research in this direction is an endless frontier. © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.Item Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of cast Al-15Zn-2Mg alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Manjunath, G.K.; Udaya Bhat, K.; Preetham Kumar, G.V.In the present work, Al-15Zn-2Mg alloy was processed by ECAP technique for grain refinement. The ECAP processing was conducted at 150 °C. Microstructural characterization was carried out in OM, SEM, TEM and XRD. To evaluate the mechanical properties, hardness measurement and tensile tests were conducted at room temperature. Microstructural characterization showed that, ECAP processing leads to decrease in the grain size of the alloy. Also, small amount of dislocations were also observed in the ECAP processed material. After ECAP processing, precipitates nucleation in the material was identified in the XRD analysis. The strength and the hardness values were increased after ECAP processing. After ECAP processing, microhardness of the material is increased from 173 Hv to 252 Hv and the UTS of the material is increased from 166 MPa to 362 MPa. After tensile testing, fracture surface of the cast material showed dendritic structure and the fracture surface of the ECAP processed material showed dimples. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Effect of retrogression and re-ageing heat treatment on microstructure and microhardness of aluminium 7010 alloy(EDP Sciences edps@edpsciences.com, 2018) Nandana, M.S.; Udaya Bhat, K.; Manjunatha, C.M.Aluminium alloy 7010 is subjected to retrogression and re-ageing (RRA) heat treatment to study the influence of microstructural changes on hardness. Retrogression is performed at 190 °C for different time intervals ranging from 10 to 60 minutes. Optimum time for retrogression treatment is estimated based on the retrogression time that result with equivalent mechanical properties as that of peak aged (T6) condition. Retrogression performed for 30 minutes resulted with micro hardness of 203 HV, which is equivalent to that obtained by following T6 treatment. Microstructural characterization done with the help of transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicates RRA treatment results with the coarsened and discontinuous precipitates along the grain boundary which is similar to over aged (T7) condition, where as fine and densely populated precipitates in the matrix similar to T6 condition. Coarse and discontinuous grain boundary precipitates (GBP's) improves resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Fine and dense precipitates in the matrix ensures hardness equivalent to that of T6. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018.Item Flow Properties of Cast Al-Zn-Mg Alloys Subjected to Equal Channel Angular Pressing(Institute of Physics Publishing helen.craven@iop.org, 2018) Manjunath, G.K.; Preetham Kumar, G.V.; Udaya Bhat, K.Flow stress can be described as the stress necessary to continue deformation at any stage of plastic strain. The strength coefficient (K) and strain-hardening exponent (n) are the two important flow properties of the material. In the present work, flow properties of three different cast Al-Zn-Mg alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) were investigated. ECAP processing was carried out in a die having Φ = 120° and Ψ = 30°. After ECAP processing, significant grain refinement and increase in the hardness was observed. Compression test was used to determine the flow properties of ECAP processed samples. Force-stroke data was recorded from the compression test. Flow curves were drawn by using force-stroke data. Strength coefficient and strain-hardening exponent were determined from the log-log plot of true stress-strain curves. Significant increase in the strength coefficient was observed after ECAP processing. Also, the strength coefficient is increased when the zinc content is increased in the alloy. Strain-hardening exponent was decreased with increase in the number of ECAP passes. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Item Influence of retrogression and re-ageing heat treatment on the fatigue crack growth behavior of 7010 aluminum alloy(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Nandana, M.S.; Udaya Bhat, K.; Manjunatha, C.M.Aluminum alloys are widely used in aircraft structural components where light weight, high strength and good corrosion resistance are the primary requirements. These alloys are generally used in peak-aged (T6) condition in which they are susceptible for stress corrosion cracking. In the recent years, retrogression and re-ageing (RRA) treatment on aluminum alloy is carried out to enhance their corrosion resistance maintaining the ultimate tensile strength. The aim of this work was to study the influence of RRA treatment on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) behavior. The 7010 aluminum alloy was heat treated to two different conditions i.e., T6 and RRA. The microstructures of these alloys were characterized by using TEM. Standard compact tension (CT) specimens were prepared and FCGR tests were carried out by using a 100 kN servo-hydraulic test machine as per ASTM E647-15e1. The constant amplitude FCGR tests were carried out at a stress ratio, R = 0.5 using sine wave loading pattern at 10 Hz. Crack length was monitored by following compliance technique. Microstructural studies show that RRA treated alloy contain fine and densely populated precipitates in the matrix along with coarse and discontinuous precipitates in the grain boundary. The fatigue crack growth rate was observed to reduce along with an increase in the threshold stress intensity factor range (ΔKth) for RRA treated alloy compared to the T6 alloy. The mechanisms for reduction in fatigue crack growth rate of RRA treated alloy is attributed to the microstructural modifications. The increased resistance is expected to enhance the damage tolerance capability of the alloy. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Item Dry sliding wear behaviour of Al-5Zn-2Mg alloy processed by severe plastic deformation(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Manjunath, G.K.; Udaya Bhat, K.; Preetham Kumar, G.V.Equal channel angular extrusion/pressing (ECAE/P) is an effectual technique to raise the mechanical, physical properties and resistance to wear of the materials. In this research, Al-5Zn-2Mg alloy material was ECAPed in route BC at lowest temperature. Hardness of the test material was increased after ECAE/P due to microstructure refinement. To demonstrate the wear characteristics of the Al-5Zn-2Mg alloy material after ECAE/P, wear tests (in dry sliding condition) were conducted at 2 conditions (condition 1: 19.62 N load and 1 m/s sliding speed, condition 2: 39.24 N load and 2 m/s sliding speed). The wear rate and magnitude of coefficient of friction (μ) were lessened after ECAE/P. Abrasive, adhesive and oxidation wear mechanisms are the predominant wear mechanisms noticed in the ECAE/P processed billets. Along with these mechanisms relocation of iron elements from the counter body (disc) to the test material was noticed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd.Item Evolution of Tribological Properties of Cast Al–10Zn–2Mg Alloy Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2020) Manjunath, G.K.; Preetham Kumar, G.V.; Udaya Bhat, K.In the current investigation, tribological behaviour of the cast Al–10Zn–2Mg alloy processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique was studied. In this work, one of the SPD techniques, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was adopted as a processing tool. ECAP was carried out in route BC and processing was attempted at the lowest temperature. After ECAP, grain structure of the material was refined and considerable improvement in the microhardness of the alloy was perceived. Mainly, wear resistance of the alloy material was enhanced with successive ECAP passes. Coefficient of friction of the alloy material was decreased with successive ECAP passes. Wear resistance of the alloy was decreased with a rise in the applied load and the sliding speed. Both at low and high load condition, abrasive wear was noticed in as-cast and homogenized specimens. Whereas in ECAPed specimens, in addition to abrasive wear, oxidation wear and adhesive wear were observed in low load and it changes to abrasive wear at high load. In the ECAPed specimens, at low load transfer of iron particles from the steel disc surface to the specimen surface was identified. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Effect of wire feed rate on microstructure development during bead on plate welding of microalloyed steel using P-GMAW(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) John, M.; Kumar, P.A.; Udaya Bhat, K.Welding of advanced high strength steel has been challenging because of difficulties associated with retaining high strength and toughness in the weldment. In this investigation, Ti-Nb microalloyed 800 MPa steel was subjected to bead on plate welding trials using ER70S-6 filler wire. Synergic pulsed mode was used for welding. Here the system could optimize the welding current and voltage once the selection of wire feed rate was done. Analysis of weld bead was done by measuring the weld bead parameters, observing microstructural details and calculating microhardness values. The investigation indicates that 6 m/min wire feed rate produces good weld bead, minimum reinforcement and optimum dilution. The microstructure is predominantly acicular in nature and microhardness in weld and HAZ is higher compared to the beads produced using other wire feed rates. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Item A study on HAZ behaviour in 800 MPa cold rolled and hot rolled steel weld(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) John, M.; Perka, P.; Udaya Bhat, K.; Bhat Panemangalore, D.In the automotive sector, the demand for advanced high strength steels (AHSS) is increasing day by day. Based on the application, cold rolled and hot rolled steels are used for various components in a vehicle body. Typically, cold-rolled grades with dual-phase, DP780 steel is used in the form of welded blanks. Hot rolled grades with Ti-Nb microalloy content, like HS800 steel are used in as long members. Welding is an important step to be considered in the design of materials for mass production as required in the automobile sector. In this investigation, Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding (P-GMAW) is carried out on both steels with a solid filler wire of strength 800 MPa. Static tensile tests indicated that failure in both steels welds occurred in the heat-affected zone region. The crack initiation and propagation behaviour were compared in both steels. In DP780 steels, the presence of the acicular ferrite and acicular martensite resisted the crack initiation and propagation in the weld region whereas, the chaotic nature of the acicular ferrite in HS800 steel. Microstructural studies revealed that the reason for heat affected zone (HAZ) failure in HS800 steel is due to the presence of hard TiN particles with a size of more than 1 µm which causes decohesion in the matrix. In DP780 steel failure is due to the presence of tempered martensite in the subcritical heat affected zone (SCHAZ). This study divulges the influence of filler wire chemistry, dilution, and welding parameters on cold rolled and hot rolled AHSS steels used in the automotive industry. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.