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Item Effect of irrigation on farm efficiency in tribal villages of Eastern India(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.; Timilsina, R.R.; Rahut, D.B.; Sonobe, T.Irrigation is an important adaptation strategy to cope with climate change which reduces vulnerability to water stress and improves crop productivity to feed millions. There is evidence of crop yield stagnation in many developing countries, and irrigation efficiency is claimed to increase crop productivity. Therefore, this paper uses data envelopment analysis to evaluate the farmer's productivity through technical efficiency (TE), i.e., the relationship between resource inputs and outputs of 513 paddy farmers in Eastern India. The results show that the farms are, on average operating at 14% TE, leaving a considerable scope to improve up to 86% to reach the optimal level. A significant difference is observed between irrigated and rain-fed paddy farmers, such that10% of the irrigated farms achieved efficiency scores over 40% and only 2% of rain-fed farms achieved the same. The tobit and beta fit regression models are estimated to find out the factors that influence the TE. Both surface water and groundwater sources of irrigation are used as predictors, along with other socio-demographic factors. Access to surface water irrigation is identified to be a significant determinant of farm efficiency, however, surface water irrigation, such as canal irrigation, is accessible only to farmers living on plain land. Farmers living on highlands need to explore other sources of irrigation practices, such as drip and sprinkler, that can increase TE and farm productivity. Therefore, this paper calls for government intervention to provide extensive training and facilities for these micro-irrigation practices. © 2023 The AuthorsItem Towards parity: Examining the closing gender gap on electricity access in India using data from 1998 to 2021(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Timilsina, R.R.; Jena, P.R.; Rahut, D.B.; Managi, S.Access to electricity is fundamental for human development, health, and well-being, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Governments of several low-and middle-income countries have implemented policies and interventions to increase access to electricity over the decades. Heterogeneity in access to electricity across gender is a major aspect of this development indicator. However, little is known about the distribution of and access to electricity between male and female-headed households in countries such as India. This study aims to investigate gender parity in access to electricity using data from four waves of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) from 1998 to 2021. The analysis employs a logit regression model and includes counterfactual analysis to comprehensively understand the determinants of electricity access across genders. The results indicate that electricity consumption is positively associated with female-headed households, education, wealth, and urban location. The study shows that the gap in access to electricity between genders is narrowing in favor of female-headed households over the four waves of national-level data spanning two decades. The difference between male and female-headed households declined from 4.73 % in 1998–2000 to 1.6 % in 2019–2021, reflecting gender parity in access to electricity in the country. Access to electricity has increased across all households, but uninterrupted supply and transition to green energy shall be the significant challenges ahead. Therefore, the government must improve access to electricity, particularly for female-headed households, and also make it affordable for households to install other renewable energy systems to increase overall electricity generation. © 2024 International Energy Initiative