Faculty Publications
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Item Techniques for preparation and dispersion of nano-SiO2 in Cementitious System—A Review(Springer, 2019) Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.Nowadays, the research in the field of concrete is driving its focus on novel technology by making use of nanosized particles so-called nanotechnology in concrete. The oxide nanoparticles have a great influence on concrete properties, amongst all the nanoparticles, nano-silica is the first nano product that replaced the micro silica or silica fume in concrete, and it is the most predominantly used nanoparticle amid all other nanoparticles in cementitious system. This paper states the overview on various methods involved in production of nano-SiO2 particles for the purpose of utilizing in cementitious system as well as the various techniques for well dispersion of nanosized SiO2 particles in cement matrices. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.Item Application of Andreassen and Modified Andreassen Model on Cementitious Mixture Design: A Review(Springer, 2021) Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.Cement is a widely used construction material and its consumption on large-scale causes environmental degradation; thus, more emphasis is being given on industrial by-products as alternative materials to cement for their sustainable usage. It is necessary that varying particle size of supplementary cementitious particles is to be used for filling the voids to form a dense particle-packed concrete. The selection of right combination of material is tedious job by trials involving different replacement materials and the resultant concrete may show unexpected results; thus, a more suitable method is the selection of materials based on optimum packing of particles. To select the optimum size of replacement materials particle packing models are essential, so that a low-cement concrete can be prepared which will be ecological as well as economical with improved density, low porosity and high compressive strength. It is found that there are different models have been developed to achieve optimal packing. However, application of Andreassen and modified Andreassen models for the particle packing of multiple ingredients of cementitious matrix found to be largely being accepted by the researchers. This paper reviews the application of Andreassen and modified Andreassen models for the effective particle packing investigations on cementitious particles. It also reviews the software’s employed for designing various cementitious mixtures based on Andreassen and modified Andreassen models. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Influence of Fineness of Mineral Admixtures on the Degree of Atmospheric Mineral Carbonation(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH info@springer-sbm.com, 2021) Farsana, C.; Das, B.B.; Snehal, K.Global carbon dioxide concentration is rising at the rate of 2 ppm every year, which had led to the demand of sustainable development. In construction industry, manufacturing of cement is the main source of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon capture and storage is a recent technology which had helped to sequester carbon dioxide from atmosphere and thus helps in reducing the greenhouse effect to a certain extent. This study mainly focuses on the atmospheric mineral carbonation of mineral admixtures like fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and silica fume (SF), which are the industrial by-products and are being treated as waste. This study also focuses on the effect of fineness of different mineral admixtures on the degree of atmospheric mineral carbonation. Fly ash with three different levels of fineness (FA, FA I, and FA II), GGBS with three different levels of fineness (GGBS, GGBS I, and GGBS II), and silica fume were mixed with activators like lime and gypsum and were left for atmospheric mineral carbonation. Mineralogical characterisations were done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Degree of carbonation of the samples was analyzed and calculated using the TGA results. From the comparative analysis of all the samples, it was found that GGBS II had highest degree of carbonation. It was also observed that calcium-based compounds like calcite, aragonite, vaterite, calcite magnesium syn, gismondine, waikarite, calcium silicate hydrate, diopside, calcium sulfate, and portlandite were formed in the samples after 45 and 90 days of atmospheric mineral carbonation. However, it was observed that with increasing levels of fineness of mineral admixtures, there was no significant change in the degree of atmospheric mineral carbonation. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Experimental Setup for Thermal Performance Study of Phase Change Material Admixed Cement Composites—A Review(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH info@springer-sbm.com, 2021) Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.Phase change material (PCM) is a prospective material with a caliber to store thermal energy. The hasty development in the modern world and lavish life style amplified the energy demand. Building and infrastructure are the leading energy and material consumers over the globe. Conservation of building energy associated to heating and cooling is made possible by embedding PCM in construction materials (like concrete) which has a great potential to improve the thermal comfort of the residents. The concrete coupled with PCMs has a tendency to improve the thermophysical properties like heat capacity/thermal mass and thermal insulating property besides with an ability to save energy for the development of sustainable built environment. There are so many techniques and experimental setups used by the researchers to analyze the thermal performance of PCM-admixed cementitious systems. In line to this, an attempt has been made to review the different experimental setup used by various researchers to study the thermal facets (heat capacity, thermal cycle, thermal conductivity, etc.) of PCM-doped cementitious systems. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Influence of Incorporating Phase Change Materials on Cementitious System—A Review(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.Phase change materials (PCMs) are gaining more attention in achieving the sustainability and are being widely adopted as a green building material because of their exclusive ability to store latent heat of thermal energy. PCMs have a capacity to minimize the energy loads and to provide thermal comforts in building infrastructures by its iterative cycle of absorbing and releasing the heat energy. The potential need for manipulating the heating and cooling effect in buildings is significantly increasing especially in temperature fluctuating and varied climatic regions. It is for this one of the significant reasons, PCMs are getting pronounced interest by the research fraternity in the development of a thermally effective PCM-based construction material. In this paper, attempts were made to compile the data reported by the previous researchers on the influence of incorporating PCMs in the engineering properties of cementitious system such as slump, compressive strength, flexural strength, density, porosity, water absorption, shrinkage, durability, heat of hydration, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. This paper also discusses the most favorable content of PCM addition and effective methods of incorporating PCMs in the cementitious system. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Impact of Phase Change Materials on the Durability Properties of Cementitious Composites—A Review(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Vismaya, K.; Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.Phase change materials (PCMs) are the novel thermal storage materials which have an ability to engross and dispel heat during the process of phase transition from solid to liquid and vice versa. Utilization of PCMs in cementitious composites has gained a lot of attention from the research fraternity to minimize the energy loadings used for space conditioning and heating in building. Impact of PCM’s presence in cementitious composites on the durability parameters is the need for its better usage. This paper gives the state of review on the influence of inclusion of phase change materials in the cementitious system on its various durability aspects. Durability properties such as porosity, water absorption, shrinkage, chloride ingression, and chemical attacks are compiled in this article. It is stated that the integration of PCM in cement composites enhances the porosity of cementitious system. Major hindrance described by the researchers is the interruption of hydration activity of cementitious system by the addition of PCM. Literature also signified that the micro/nano encapsulates PCMs and the use of highly reactive Pozzolans such as silica fume or nano-silica in conjunction with PCMs has the ability to lock up the limitations of PCMs. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item A comprehensive review towards sustainable approaches on the processing and treatment of construction and demolition waste(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Trivedi, S.; Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.; Barbhuiya, S.A massive boom in global construction has led to an enormous generation of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. C&D waste is the largest stream of waste, which needs to be treated and utilized efficiently for achieving sustainable goals. Multiple economical and valuable materials are embedded in C&D waste, most of these can be reused as construction materials. Ideally, these wastes are processed or treated near the demolition sites to ensure a constant supply of raw materials such as recycled aggregates for its use in the construction of roads, buildings, and urban landscapes. Several challenges are posed in the processing and treatment of C&D waste as a result of variable material properties as well as its bulky nature. From this point of view, this article presents a structured, comprehensive review of the existing literature on various tools and techniques for procuring recycled aggregates (RA) from C&D leftovers. The latest processing technologies, and subsequent treatment processes for recycled aggregates to make it suitable for further use in concrete is discussed and critically analyzed. Also, diverse approaches for treating the RA are evaluated critically with prime focus on removal of adhered mortar fractions and surface coating techniques. In addition, the modified mixing approach and its implementation in mix design for RA based concrete is emphasized. This article also covers the studies on recycled aggregate concrete at microstructural level, which include characterization techniques such as SEM-EDAX, XRD, FTIR and TGA. Emphasis is also given to embrace the deficiencies associated with RA concrete and improvement techniques for its inclusion in construction works. On the basis of the extensive review, it is understood that subjected to processing of the C&D debris, it yields useful recycled aggregates that can be incorporated into concrete up to an optimum percentage between 15 and 20%. Further, there is a requirement for specified pre-treatment methods that enhances the physio-chemical properties. Also, there is a necessity for the assimilation of mineral admixtures of micron, sub-micron to nano size for overcoming the shortcomings of recycled aggregates for the production of sustainable and high-performance concrete. © 2023 Elsevier LtdItem Valorization of Incinerated Biomedical Waste Ash in Cementitious System: A Comprehensive Review(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Joshi, S.; Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.; Barbhuiya, S.Disposing of incinerated biomedical waste ash (IBWA) contaminated with heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Zn, Pb) poses significant environmental and public health concerns, necessitating innovative and sustainable management strategies. Cement-based solidification emerges as a promising approach to repurpose IBWA by effectively immobilizing heavy metals and mitigating their ecological footprint. However, broader industrial and societal acceptance of IBWA as a substitute for cement and sand remains constrained owing to limited quantification of IBWA availability and safety concerns. In this perspective, the current paper presents a global database on IBWA availability and maps the geographic distribution of biomedical waste incinerators in India. It also comprehensively reviews IBWA’s potential in mortar/concrete, focusing on its physico-chemical, leachability, hydration, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties. The study further highlights the importance of a cradle-to-gate and gate-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to holistically assess the environmental performance of IBWA-incorporated mortar systems, promoting circular economy principles and resource efficiency in the construction sector. IBWA, with its high SiO₂ and CaO content (> 50%), exhibits latent hydraulic properties suitable for construction applications. The porous cellular structure of IBWA can lead to increased porosity and water absorption in concrete. Leachate analysis demonstrated the effective stabilization of heavy elements within the cement hydration matrix (C-S-H, C-A-S-H, etc.), meeting US EPA regulatory standards. LCA interprets that IBWA utilization of up to 10% cement replacement material and 30% sand replacement material could curtail the carbon footprint and energy demand by ~ 25–35% and 15–25%, respectively, compared to conventional cement-based mortar systems. These findings highlight IBWA’s potential to transform the construction sector, aligning it with global sustainability goals and reducing its dependence on non-renewable resources. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shiraz University 2025.Item From printing to performance: a review on 3D concrete printing processes, materials, and life cycle assessment(Springer Nature, 2025) Mishra, S.K.; Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.; C, R.; Barbhuiya, S.A paradigm shift in the construction sector has been driven by 3D concrete printing (3DCP), offering automated alternatives to conventional building methods. 3DCP enhances precision, efficiency, and consistency through robotic control and advanced printhead systems while reducing material waste and enabling design flexibility. This review examines the working principles, printer classifications (gantry-based and robotic arm-based), and operational parameters, highlighting printing speed, interlayer gap time, and nozzle size and shape as critical parameters for buildability, interlayer bonding, and extrusion quality. Their influence is discussed in relation to fresh properties (flowability, pumpability, extrudability, shape retention, and buildability) and hardened properties (compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, interlayer bonding, and durability). Mix design strategies for optimizing rheology, printability, and sustainable material selection are critically reviewed. Key durability concerns such as shrinkage, cracking, and weather resistance are addressed. Reinforcement methods, including steel bars, fibers, and embedment techniques, are also discussed. A life cycle analysis reveals that 3DCP reduces carbon dioxide emissions by up to 89.2% and construction costs by 30–40% through formwork elimination. Environmental impacts (waste generation, carbon footprint, and energy use) are assessed using regional and global data, considering embodied energy, transportation, and maintenance costs. Challenges such as regulatory hurdles, high initial investment, and the absence of standardized guidelines are identified. This review covers developments from the past decade, offering valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers regarding the advancements, limitations, and future directions of 3DCP. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.Item Mechanical and permeability properties of hybrid fibre reinforced porous concrete(Associated Cement Companies Ltd., 2019) Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.Experimental investigation was carried out to determine the enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength and abrasion resistance along with water permeability of porous concrete introduced with hybrid fibres (consists of equal proportion of steel, polypropylene and glass) and with two different sizes of coarse aggregate. The varying parameters in the preparation of porous concrete mix were coarse aggregate of two sizes, i.e., 6 mm and 12 mm and five different percentages of hybrid fibres (0.25 - 0.65 with an increment of 0.1). Compressive strength and flexural strength were measured at the end of two curing periods (7 and 28 days) whereas water permeability and abrasion test values were measured at the end of 28 days of curing. From the experimental findings, it is observed that compressive strength and flexural strength values increase with decrease in the size of the aggregate for control as well as fibre reinforced porous concrete. However, with respect to the measured values of permeability, it is found that with increase in size of coarse aggregates, permeability values also increases. For 28 days samples it is observed that 0.35% addition of hybrid fibres to porous concrete found to be optimum and it improved the compressive strength values by 20.24% and 19.06% for coarse aggregate sizes of 6mm and 12mm, respectively as compared to porous control concrete (without addition of hybrid fibres). Whereas, maximum flexural strength was obtained at 0.45% of addition of hybrid fibres and 31.6% (6mm coarse aggregate) increment and 24.26% (12mm coarse aggregate) increment were noticed as compared to porous control concrete. The best values for permeability were found at 0.35% of hybrid fibres and 12 mm coarse aggregate combination, whereas for abrasion resistance it was at 0.35% of hybrid fibres and 6mm coarse aggregate combination. © 2019 Associated Cement Companies Ltd.. All rights reserved.