Faculty Publications

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    Concept of Zero Liquid Discharge: Innovations and Advances for Sustainable Wastewater Management
    (Elsevier, 2023) Hussain, C.M.; Shetty K, V.
    Concept of Zero Liquid Discharge: Innovations and Advances for Sustainable Wastewater Management provides fundamental and in-depth knowledge on the need for ZLD and conventional and modern technologies, along with the various strategies available to achieve ZLD. The book covers various wastewater treatment technologies that lead to ZLD, integrated wastewater treatment approaches, challenges faced by industries in meeting ZLD goals, and solutions leading to cleaner technologies. In addition, it presents the state-of-the-art technologies and multidisciplinary research underway in the field to address existing challenges and provide future directions. This will be an important reference for postgraduate students in environmental science and engineering as well as high-level researchers, professors, experts and engineers who conduct research and practices in the area of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) approaches, sustainable wastewater management and related fields. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Phytoremediation of soil for metal and organic pollutant removal
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH info@springer-sbm.com, 2020) Sophia, S.; Shetty K, V.
    In the recent decades, industrialization and urbanization have increased the concentration of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants in soil. Among the various strategies to tackle the environmental issues, phytoremediation may be applied to combat pollution or recover the contaminated site or limit the degradation of such entities. It is relatively cost-efficient and environmental-friendly and also provides easy public acceptance. Mechanisms for degradation and removal of contaminants, i.e., rhizofiltration, phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation, are available. However, the condition of the soil, microbes residing in the rhizosphere, and the plants to be employed are the important factors to be considered and assessed before implementing the techniques. A wide understanding and appreciation are required to interpret the interactions between the microorganisms, plants, and contaminants involved. Genetic manipulation can also be implemented for better removal and contaminant uptake. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Process engineering aspects in bioleaching of metals from electronic waste
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH info@springer-sbm.com, 2020) Minimol, M.; Shetty K, V.; Saidutta, M.B.
    Obsolete electronic devices and their components majorly contributed by the computer and mobile phone printed circuit boards (PCBs) constitute the electronic waste (e-waste). The e-wastes pose an environmental threat due to their eco-toxicological characteristics, thus making its management a mandate through an ecologically sustainable process. Further, the high concentration of metals in the e-waste makes it a secondary ore for metal recovery. Bioleaching is a bio-hydrometallurgical process, which is microbe-mediated dissolution of metals. Different nutritional classes of microorganisms like autotrophs and heterotrophs are active bioleaching agents of e-wastes. The mode of action of microbes for bioleaching of metals is obscure and is believed to ensue through redox reactions, protonic attack, or chelation. The process of bioleaching is influenced by biotic factors like the group and class of microorganism, growth rate, metabolic activity, etc. However, there are several abiotic factors that strongly affect the bioleaching efficiency. Development of a bioleaching process would need the study of various biological, nutritional, and engineering factors that influence the process. This chapter presents the critical analysis of various process engineering aspects in the bioleaching of metals from e-waste. To engineer a bioleaching process, (1) various biological, nutritional, and physicochemical factors, such as media composition, pH, e-waste loading, particle size, oxygen requirement, inoculum size, etc., should be optimized and (2) suitable bioreactor choice considering the microbial type, phases to be contacted, and the pattern of contacting followed by optimization of bioreactor operational parameters. This paper brings out a critical review of these bioprocess engineering aspects in bioleaching of metals from e-waste, directing the reader to the future scope of research on bioleaching, a bioremediation strategy to save and conserve environment for sustainable development. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Concept of zero liquid dischare—present scenario and new opportunities for economically viable solution
    (Elsevier, 2023) Shetty K, V.; Sophia, S.
    Water scarcity, water utilization, and water regulations are the challenges faced by industries. Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a wastewater management strategy to recover almost 100% of the water for reuse, thus eliminating any liquid waste leaving the industrial facility and allowing the resource recovery. The ZLD market is growing with enforcement of stricter and stringent environmental regulations. Many industries are volunteering to reduce water discharge through recycle/reuse by initiating the implementation of ZLD, and improve the sustainability by reduction of the environmental footprint. This chapter presents the need for ZLD, the conventional and recent technological developments and practices to achieve ZLD with a focus to minimize the cost and energy requirements. The chapter discusses the various thermal processes for ZLD along with the improved technologies for thermal ZLD to handle the corrosion and temperature-related problems and the operating cost of the treatment. The membrane-based preconcentration steps like reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal and membrane distillation, and combination of the membrane processes prior to the thermal ZLD to improve the water recovery are discussed. The technologies and designs offered by various key ZLD players in the global ZLD market are discussed. The chapter concludes with a note that the goal toward the economical realization of ZLD may only be met by partnering efforts of researchers, industry, and the companies which are the key players in ZLD market. ZLD should not remain as a myth or enforced necessity, but must be embraced willfully by the industries as a corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Zero liquid discharge technology strategies in Indian distilleries and pharmaceutical industries—a paradigm shift toward sustainability
    (Elsevier, 2023) Shetty, P.; Sophia, S.; Shetty K, V.
    Distilleries and pharmaceutical industries are identified as highly polluting industries in India. These sectors are striving for sustainability toward closed loop water cycle and zero liquid discharge (ZLD). ZLD is mandated in these industries in India. In a distillery effluent, pigment known as melanoidin is a recalcitrant and additional attention is required in degrading it, while the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) and antibiotics in pharmaceutical wastewater needs a special attention. The design and development of ZLD scheme necessitates the knowledge and understanding of the effluent characteristics and the raw materials used. This chapter presents the various strategies being followed to achieve ZLD in Indian distilleries and pharmaceutical industries. In spite of the challenges in terms of huge investment required to attain ZLD, distillery industries in India are taking it in the right spirit and delivering focused efforts on achieving compliance to the government norms. In India, though ZLD technologies have been deployed to treat pharmaceutical effluents, the specific technologies for antibiotic residue treatment are not widely used. Many pharmaceutical industries practice partial ZLD and a partial treatment by conventional methods. A continued effort toward development of cost-effective and efficient technological strategies by the scientists and technologists, together with the appropriately enforced regulations, frequent inspections by the regulatory bodies, the provision of incentives to those companies which perform well in achieving ZLD, and a focused drive of the companies to achieve ZLD is essential toward sustainability. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Necessity driven implementation of zero liquid discharge in textile and fertilizer industries toward sustainability—Indian scenario
    (Elsevier, 2023) Sophia, S.; Shetty, P.; Shetty K, V.
    Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a wastewater management strategy that has become beneficial and a necessary option in the recent years for obviating water scarcity and water pollution problems by eliminating the generation of liquid waste. In this chapter, the importance of ZLD along with challenges which are faced in the development and implementation of ZLD are discussed with reference to different treatment schemes adopted in textile and fertilizer industry to achieve ZLD in context to Indian scenario. The ZLD scheme to be adopted depends on the effluent characteristics and the raw materials used in the process. Because of the employment of variety of chemicals for the textile fabric treatments, the effluents from textile industry contain refractory organics and inhibitory compounds with color. The degradation of such compounds by conventional biological treatment is ineffective due to the presence of lower biological oxygen demand (BOD)/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio. The nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizer industry effluents majorly contain pollutants such as ammonia and ammonium salt; nitrates; urea; chromate, phosphates, cyanides and sulfides; BOD; fluorides and suspended matter. The thermal processes of evaporation–crystallization with multiple effect evaporator and membrane technology approach, mainly involving the reverse osmosis, are the important components of ZLD system. The future scope of ZLD can focus on the development of advanced technologies that consume low energy with cost-effective benefits. Continued efforts of the scientific community in developing sustainable technologies for ZLD, appropriate and frequent checks by the regulatory bodies along with responsible approach of the industrial organizations in implementation of ZLD may only drive the society toward sustainable development. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Critical Metals from Electronic Waste
    (wiley, 2024) Sophia, S.; Shetty K, V.
    [No abstract available]
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    Effective Usage of Biochar and Microorganisms for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions and Pesticides
    (MDPI, 2023) Manikandan, S.K.; Pallavi, P.; Shetty K, V.; Bhattacharjee, D.; Giannakoudakis, D.A.; Katsoyiannis, I.A.; Nair, V.
    The bioremediation of heavy metal ions and pesticides is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Microbial remediation is considered superior to conventional abiotic remediation processes, due to its cost-effectiveness, decrement of biological and chemical sludge, selectivity toward specific metal ions, and high removal efficiency in dilute effluents. Immobilization technology using biochar as a carrier is one important approach for advancing microbial remediation. This article provides an overview of biochar-based materials, including their design and production strategies, physicochemical properties, and applications as adsorbents and support for microorganisms. Microorganisms that can cope with the various heavy metal ions and/or pesticides that enter the environment are also outlined in this review. Pesticide and heavy metal bioremediation can be influenced by microbial activity, pollutant bioavailability, and environmental factors, such as pH and temperature. Furthermore, by elucidating the interaction mechanisms, this paper summarizes the microbe-mediated remediation of heavy metals and pesticides. In this review, we also compile and discuss those works focusing on the study of various bioremediation strategies utilizing biochar and microorganisms and how the immobilized bacteria on biochar contribute to the improvement of bioremediation strategies. There is also a summary of the sources and harmful effects of pesticides and heavy metals. Finally, based on the research described above, this study outlines the future scope of this field. © 2023 by the authors.
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    Cadmium (II) and nickel (II) biosorption by Bacillus laterosporus (MTCC 1628)
    (Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2014) Kulkarni, R.; Shetty K, V.; Srinikethan, G.
    Biosorption of heavy metals is a promising technology that involves removal of toxic metals from industrial waste streams and natural waters. The study describes the sorption of cadmium (II) [Cd (II)] and nickel (II) [Ni (II)] by dead biomass of Bacillus laterosporus, MTCC 1628. The biosorption conditions for the removal of Cd (II) and Ni (II) were examined by studying the effect of pH, contact time, biosorbent dosage and initial metal ion concentration. Shake flask studies yielded adsorption equilibrium in almost 120. min, for both the metals. It was found from Langmuir model that the maximum adsorption capacity for Cd (II) and Ni (II) ions was 85.47. mg/g and 44.44. mg/g respectively. Kinetic evaluation of the experimental data showed that the biosorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis showed that biosorption is an endothermic process with ?. H° of 5.45. kJ/mol for Cd (II) biosorption and 24.33. kJ/mol for Ni (II) biosorption. The surface characteristics of B. laterosporus biomass before and after metal biosorption were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) to study the changes in surface morphology and elemental constitution of the adsorbent. B. laterosporus exhibited a higher and better potential biosorbent for the removal of Cd (II) as compared to Ni (II) from aqueous solution. © 2013 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers.
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    Inhibitory and stimulating effect of single and multi-metal ions on hexavalent chromium reduction by Acinetobacter sp. Cr-B2
    (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2014) Hora, A.; Shetty K, V.
    Potential application of chromium reducing bacteria for industrial scale wastewater treatment demands that effect of presence of other metal ions on rate of Cr(VI) reduction be investigated, as industrial wastewaters contain many toxic metal ions. In the current study, the effect of different heavy metal ions (nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, iron) on chromium reduction by a novel strain of Acinetobacter sp. Cr-B2 that shows high tolerance up to 1,100 mg/L and high Cr(VI) reducing capacity was investigated. The alteration in Cr(VI) reduction capacity of Cr-B2 was studied both in presence of individual metal ions and in the presence of multi-metal ions at different concentrations. The study showed that the Cr(VI) reduction rates decreased in presence of Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ when present individually. Pb2+ at lower concentration did not show significant effect while Cu2+ and Fe3+ stimulated the rate of Cr(VI) reduction. In the studies on multi-metal ions, it was observed that in presence of Cu2+ and Fe3+, the inhibiting effect of Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ on Cr(VI) reduction was reduced. Each of these metals affect the overall rate of Cr(VI) reduction by Cr-B2. This work highlights the need to consider the presence of other heavy metal ions in wastewater when assessing the bioreduction of Cr(VI) and while designing the bioreactors for the purpose, as rate of reduction is altered by their presence. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.