Faculty Publications
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Item Zero liquid discharge technology strategies in Indian distilleries and pharmaceutical industries—a paradigm shift toward sustainability(Elsevier, 2023) Shetty, P.; Sophia, S.; Shetty K, V.Distilleries and pharmaceutical industries are identified as highly polluting industries in India. These sectors are striving for sustainability toward closed loop water cycle and zero liquid discharge (ZLD). ZLD is mandated in these industries in India. In a distillery effluent, pigment known as melanoidin is a recalcitrant and additional attention is required in degrading it, while the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) and antibiotics in pharmaceutical wastewater needs a special attention. The design and development of ZLD scheme necessitates the knowledge and understanding of the effluent characteristics and the raw materials used. This chapter presents the various strategies being followed to achieve ZLD in Indian distilleries and pharmaceutical industries. In spite of the challenges in terms of huge investment required to attain ZLD, distillery industries in India are taking it in the right spirit and delivering focused efforts on achieving compliance to the government norms. In India, though ZLD technologies have been deployed to treat pharmaceutical effluents, the specific technologies for antibiotic residue treatment are not widely used. Many pharmaceutical industries practice partial ZLD and a partial treatment by conventional methods. A continued effort toward development of cost-effective and efficient technological strategies by the scientists and technologists, together with the appropriately enforced regulations, frequent inspections by the regulatory bodies, the provision of incentives to those companies which perform well in achieving ZLD, and a focused drive of the companies to achieve ZLD is essential toward sustainability. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Necessity driven implementation of zero liquid discharge in textile and fertilizer industries toward sustainability—Indian scenario(Elsevier, 2023) Sophia, S.; Shetty, P.; Shetty K, V.Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a wastewater management strategy that has become beneficial and a necessary option in the recent years for obviating water scarcity and water pollution problems by eliminating the generation of liquid waste. In this chapter, the importance of ZLD along with challenges which are faced in the development and implementation of ZLD are discussed with reference to different treatment schemes adopted in textile and fertilizer industry to achieve ZLD in context to Indian scenario. The ZLD scheme to be adopted depends on the effluent characteristics and the raw materials used in the process. Because of the employment of variety of chemicals for the textile fabric treatments, the effluents from textile industry contain refractory organics and inhibitory compounds with color. The degradation of such compounds by conventional biological treatment is ineffective due to the presence of lower biological oxygen demand (BOD)/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio. The nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizer industry effluents majorly contain pollutants such as ammonia and ammonium salt; nitrates; urea; chromate, phosphates, cyanides and sulfides; BOD; fluorides and suspended matter. The thermal processes of evaporation–crystallization with multiple effect evaporator and membrane technology approach, mainly involving the reverse osmosis, are the important components of ZLD system. The future scope of ZLD can focus on the development of advanced technologies that consume low energy with cost-effective benefits. Continued efforts of the scientific community in developing sustainable technologies for ZLD, appropriate and frequent checks by the regulatory bodies along with responsible approach of the industrial organizations in implementation of ZLD may only drive the society toward sustainable development. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Investigation of the photoalignment effect of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles bearing 2-fluoro-4-methoxy phenyl moiety(2010) Alla, R.A.; Hegde, G.; Isloor, A.M.; Chandrakantha, B.; Shetty, P.; Komitov, L.A new series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives containing 2-fluoro-4-methoxy moiety were synthesized by refluxing mixture of acid hydrazide 3 with different aromatic carboxylic acid in phosphorous oxychloride. Photoalignment studies were performed on these materials indicating that the position of fluorine plays vital role in promoting planar alignment either parallel or perpendicular to the light polarization direction. © 2010 ITE and SID.Item Exploring Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification and Object Detection(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Sadhankar, D.S.; Illa, M.; Shetty, P.; Kumar, S.V.; Megha, M.K.; Ambilwade, R.P.Convolutional Neural Networks or CNNs are one of the newest powerful tools in various tasks of computer vision such as image classification or object detection providing the highest accuracy. This paper also aims to evaluate the efficiency of the CNNs in these areas using a real-world dataset from Kaggle. We discuss general issues and ways to address it, such as data augmentation, dropout and choose the best/settled value of hyperparameters for improvement of the model. This paper aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of CNN in learning discriminative features from the images and confirm that CNNs are among the most accurate models for image classification. Moreover, this study also provides suggestions for subsequent research work, including improving the CNN architectures, employing transfer learning, and incorporating interpretation methods to continue enhancing the performance of CNNs in computer vision. © 2024 IEEE.Item A simple and selective complexometric method for the determination of thallium(III) is proposed by using thioglycolic acid as a masking agent. In the presence of diverse metal ions thallium(III) is complexed with excess EDTA and the surplus EDTA is back titrated (pH 5 - 6 , hexamine) with standard zinc sulphate solution using xylenol orange indicator. A freshly prepared 1% aqueous solution of thioglycolic acid is then added to displace EDTA from Tl(III)-EDTA complex and the released EDTA is titrated with standard zinc sulphate solution. The results for the determination of 4 - 87 mg of thallium are obtained with a relative error of 0.3% and coefficient of variation 0.46%. The effect of diverse ions are studied. The method is applied to the determination of thallium in its complexes and synthetic mixtures.(Indirect complexometric determination of thallium(III) using thioglycolic acid as masking agent) Shetty, P.; Nityananda Shetty, A.N.; Gadag, R.V.2000Item A simple, rapid, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of platinum has been proposed based on the colour reaction between platinum(IV) and piperonal thiosemicarbazone (PATS) in 0.008 - 0. 032 M sulphuric acid medium. The greenish yellow complex has an absorption maximum at 360 nm. Beer's law is obeyed upto 6.5 ppm of Pt and the optimum concentration range is 1 - 5.1 ppm of Pt. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are 3. 239 x 104 1 mol-1 cm-1 and 0.006 ?g cm-2, respectively. The optimum conditions for complete colour development have been investigated by studying parameters like effect of medium, acidity, reagent concentration, time period and effect of diverse ions. The method is used for the determination of platinum in hydrogenation catalysts and platinum complexes.(Rapid spectrophotometric determination of platinum (IV) using piperonal thiosemicarbazone) Shetty, P.; Nityananda Shetty, A.N.; Gadag, R.V.2002Item A simple, rapid and accurate complexometric method for the determination of palladium(II) is proposed, based on the selective demasking property of 2-mercapto propionyl glycine (MPGH2) towards palladium(II). In the presence of diverse metal ions, palladium(II) is complexed with excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is back titrated at pH 5-5.5 (acetic acid-acetate buffer) with standard zinc sulphate solution using xylenol orange as indicator. An excess of a 0.2% aqueous solution of MPGH2 is then added to displace EDTA from Pd(II)-EDTA complex. The released EDTA is titrated with the same standard zinc sulphate solution as before. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained in the concentration range 2-22 mg of palladium with relative error of ±0.36% and coefficient of variation (n=6) not exceeding 0.31%. The effect of diverse ions are studied. The method is used for the determination of palladium in its complexes, catalysts and synthetic alloy mixtures.(Complexometric determination of palladium(II) using 2-mercapto propionyl glycine as demasking agent) Shetty, P.; Nityananda Shetty, A.N.; Gadag, R.V.2002Item A simple, rapid, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of palladium is proposed using piperonal thiosemicarbazone (PATS) as a reagent. The reagent forms a 1:2 complex (Pd:Reagent) with palladium. The yellow complex is soluble in 32-40% ethanol and has an absorption maximum at 363 nm. Beer's law is obeyed upto 3.85 ppm of palladium and the optimum concentration range is 0.5-2.45 ppm of Pd. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are 3. 80 x 104 dm3 mol-1 cm -1 and 2.8 x 10-3 ?g cm-2, respectively. The experimental conditions for complete colour development and the interference from various ions are investigated. The method is used for the determination of palladium in its complexes and synthetic mixtures.(Spectrophotometric determination of palladium(II) using piperonal thiosemicarbazone) Shetty, P.; Nityananda Shetty, A.N.; Gadag, R.V.2003Item A selective complexometric method is described for the determination of mercury(II) using sodium metabisulphite as a masking reagent. An excess of EDTA is added to mercury(II) solution containing associated diverse metal ions and the surplus EDTA is back titrated at pH 5-6 (hexamine buffer) with standard zinc sulphate solution using xylenol orange as indicator. An aqueous solution of sodium metabisulphite is then added to displace EDTA selectively from Hg-EDTA complex and the released EDTA is then titrated against the same standard zinc sulphate solution. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained in the range 4-100 mg of mercury with a relative error ? 0.26% and coefficient of variation ?0.40%. The method is useful for the analysis of mercury in complexes and alloy samples.(Complexometric method for the determination of mercury using sodium metabisulphite as selective masking reagent) Shetty, P.; Nityananda Shetty, A.N.2004Item A simple, rapid and selective complexometric method is proposed for the determination of mercury(II) in the presence of associated metal ions. Mercury(II) is first complexed with an excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is titrated against standard zinc sulphate solution at pH 5-6 using xylenol orange indicator. Glutathione is then added to displace EDTA from the Hg-EDTA complex quantitatively and the EDTA released is back titrated against a standard zinc sulphate solution as before. The method works well in the range 4 to 80 mg of mercury with a relative error of less than 0.30% and a coefficient of variation of not more than 0.38%. The effect of the presence of various diverse ions has been studied. The method is used for the determination of mercury(II) in its alloys and complexes.(Rapid complexometric determination of mercury(II) using glutathione as a selective demasking reagent) Shetty, P.; Nityananda Shetty, A.N.2004