Faculty Publications
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Publications by NITK Faculty
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Item CoMCLOUD: Virtual Machine Coalition for Multi-Tier Applications over Multi-Cloud Environments(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Addya, S.K.; Satpathy, A.; Ghosh, B.C.; Chakraborty, S.; Ghosh, S.K.; Das, S.K.Applications hosted in commercial clouds are typically multi-tier and comprise multiple tightly coupled virtual machines (VMs). Service providers (SPs) cater to the users using VM instances with different configurations and pricing depending on the location of the data center (DC) hosting the VMs. However, selecting VMs to host multi-tier applications is challenging due to the trade-off between cost and quality of service (QoS) depending on the placement of VMs. This paper proposes a multi-cloud broker model called CoMCLOUD to select a sub-optimal VM coalition for multi-tier applications from an SP with minimum coalition pricing and maximum QoS. To strike a trade-off between the cost and QoS, we use an ant-colony-based optimization technique. The overall service selection game is modeled as a first-price sealed-bid auction aimed at maximizing the overall revenue of SPs. Further, as the hosted VMs often face demand spikes, we present a parallel migration strategy to migrate VMs with minimum disruption time. Detailed experiments show that our approach can improve the federation profit up to 23% at the expense of increased latency of approximately 15%, compared to the baselines. © 2013 IEEE.Item NORD: NOde Ranking-based efficient virtual network embedding over single Domain substrate networks(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Keerthan Kumar, T.G.; Addya, S.K.; Satpathy, A.; Koolagudi, S.G.Network virtualization (NV) allows the service providers (SPs) to partition the substrate resources in the form of isolated virtual networks (VNs) comprising multiple correlated virtual machines (VMs) and virtual links (VLs), capturing the dependencies. Though NV brought about multiple benefits, such as service isolation, improved quality-of-service (QoS), secure communication, and better utilization of substrate resources, it also introduced numerous research challenges. In this regard, one of the predominant challenges is assigning resources to the virtual components, i.e., VMs and VLs, also termed virtual network embedding (VNE). VNE comprises two closely related sub-problems, (i.) VM embedding and (ii.) VL embedding, and both the problems have been demonstrated to be NP-Hard. In the context of VNE, maximizing the revenue to cost ratio remains the focal point for the SPs as it not only boosts acceptance of VNRs but also effectively utilizes the substrate resources. However, the existing literature on VNE suffers from the following pitfalls: (i.) They only consider system resources or (ii.) limited topological attributes. However, both attributes are quintessential in accurately capturing the VNRs and the substrate network dependencies, thereby augmenting the revenue to cost ratio. This paper proposes an efficient VNE strategy called, NOde Ranking-based efficient virtual network embedding over single Domain substrate networks (NORD), to maximize the revenue to cost ratio. To address the problem of VM embedding, NORD utilizes a hybrid entropy and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) based ranking strategy for VMs and servers considering both system and topological attributes that effectively capture the dependencies. Once the ranking is generated, A greedy VM embedding followed by shortest path VL embedding completes the assignment. Simulation results confirm that NORD attains a 40% and 61% increment in average acceptance and revenue-to-cost ratios compared to the baselines. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Item Geo-Distributed Multi-Tier Workload Migration Over Multi-Timescale Electricity Markets(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Addya, S.K.; Satpathy, A.; Ghosh, B.C.; Chakraborty, S.; Ghosh, S.K.; Das, S.K.Virtual machine (VM) migration enables cloud service providers (CSPs) to balance workload, perform zero-downtime maintenance, and reduce applications' power consumption and response time. Migrating a VM consumes energy at the source, destination, and backbone networks, i.e., intermediate routers and switches, especially in a Geo-distributed setting. In this context, we propose a VM migration model called Low Energy Application Workload Migration (LEAWM) aimed at reducing the per-bit migration cost in migrating VMs over Geo-distributed clouds. With a Geo-distributed cloud connected through multiple Internet Service Providers (ISPs), we develop an approach to find out the migration path across ISPs leading to the most feasible destination. For this, we use the variation in the electricity price at the ISPs to decide the migration paths. However, reduced power consumption at the expense of higher migration time is intolerable for real-time applications. As finding an optimal relocation is $\mathcal {NP}$NP-Hard, we propose an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based bi-objective optimization technique to strike a balance between migration delay and migration power. A thorough simulation analysis of the proposed approach shows that the proposed model can reduce the migration time by 25%-30% and electricity cost by approximately 25% compared to the baseline. © 2008-2012 IEEE.Item DCRDA: deadline-constrained function scheduling in serverless-cloud platform(Springer, 2025) Birajdar, P.A.; Meena, D.; Satpathy, A.; Addya, S.K.The serverless computing model frees developers from operational and management tasks, allowing them to focus solely on business logic. This paper addresses the computationally challenging function-container-virtual machine (VM) scheduling problem, especially under stringent deadline constraints. We propose a two-stage holistic scheduling framework called DCRDA targeting deadline-constrained function scheduling. In the first stage, the function-to-container scheduling is modeled as a one-to-one matching game and solved using the classical Deferred Acceptance Algorithm (DAA). The second stage addresses the container-to-VM assignment, modeled as a many-to-one matching problem, and solved using a variant of the DAA, the Revised-Deferred Acceptance Algorithm (RDA), to account for heterogeneous resource demands. Since matching-based strategies require agent preferences, a Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) ranking mechanism is employed to prioritize alternatives based on execution time, deadlines, and resource demands. The primary goal of DCRDA is to maximize the success ratio (SR), defined as the ratio of functions executed within the deadline to the total functions. Extensive test-bed validations over commercial providers such as Amazon EC2 show that the proposed framework significantly improves the success ratio compared to baseline approaches. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.Item SEDViN: Secure embedding for dynamic virtual network requests using a multi-attribute matching game(Academic Press Inc., 2025) Kumar, T.G.K.; Kumar, R.; Achal, A.M.; Satpathy, A.; Addya, S.K.Network virtualization (NV) has gained significant attention as it allows service providers (SP) to share substrate network (SN) resources. It is achieved by partitioning them into isolated virtual network requests (VNRs) comprising interrelated virtual machines (VMs) and virtual links (VLs). Although NV provides various advantages, such as service separation, enhanced quality-of-service, reliability, and improved SN utilization, it also presents multiple scientific challenges. In this context, one pivotal challenge encountered by the researchers is secure virtual network embedding (SVNE). The SVNE encompasses assigning SN resources to components of VNR, i.e., VMs and VLs, adhering to the security demands, which is a computationally intractable problem, as it is proven to be NP-Hard. In this context, maximizing the acceptance and revenue-to-cost ratios remains of utmost priority for SPs as it not only increases the revenue but also effectively utilizes the large pool of SN resources. Though VNE is a well-researched problem, the existing literature has the following flaws: (i.) security features of VMs and VLs are ignored, (ii.) limited consideration of topological attributes, and (iii.) restricted to static VNRs. However, SPs need to develop an embedding framework that overcomes the abovementioned pitfalls. Therefore, this work proposes a framework Secure Embedding for Dynamic Virtual Network requests using a multi-attribute matching game (SEDViN). In SedViN, the deferred acceptance algorithm (DAA) based matching game is used for effective embedding. SEDViN operates primarily in two steps to obtain a secure embedding of dynamic VNRs. Firstly, it generates a unified ranking for VMs and servers using a combination of entropy and a technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS), considering network, security, and system attributes. Taking these as inputs, in the second step, VNR embedding is conducted using the deferred acceptance approach based on a one-to-many matching strategy for VM embedding and VL embedding using the shortest path algorithm. The performance of SEDViN is evaluated through simulations and compared against different baseline approaches. The simulation outcomes exhibit that SEDViN surpasses the baselines with a gain of 56% in the acceptance and 44% in the revenue-to-cost ratios. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.