Faculty Publications

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    Pedestrian Safety Studies on Urban Infrastructure: A Review
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Sanganaikar, R.S.; Mulangi, R.H.
    The walking environment has become center of attraction while dealing with safety in urban transport environment for the fact that it has been kept at the edge of the safety bar or even been neglected while designing urban mobility from several decades. Sidewalk and crosswalk walkability is an important consideration to be made while planning and designing the city infrastructure. Pedestrian safety is the most important when a safe, sustainable and inclusive urban mobility is aimed at. Examination of the current ability of sidewalks and crosswalks could be done based on two methods, namely, subjective and objective. Subjective method deals with understanding the perceptions of users on the facilities that are available. On the other hand, objective method concerns with measurements, presence or absence of a facility condition of a facility as viewed by the user or expert, etc. This study aimed at understanding important factors considered for safer pedestrian sidewalk walkability, factors considered in finding Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS), important factors as per the perceptions of users. On thorough understanding from 27 journal papers which we selected from Web of Science core collection, SCI and Scopus indexed journals, we were able to divide the whole study under three groups, viz., factors affecting walkability, factors affecting PLOS and perceived factors for better walkability. Methodologies followed by various authors in finding latent variables are discussed in detail. This review, apart from giving details regarding Latent Variables (LVs), throws more light on gaps identified from the survey of literature. Scope for further research on aforementioned objectives is also presented at the end of the study. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
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    Accident Prediction Model for Horizontal Curves on State Highways Using Spatial Variation
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Pandey, S.K.; Mulangi, R.H.; Sanganaikar, R.S.; Babu, K.R.N.N.
    Accidents have become one of the primary cause of fatalities on highways. Road accidents are one of the significant issue around the globe, but in context of India, the severity is more due to immense growth in road networks and traffic capacity. Curve are at higher range of potential risks of accidents because of inadequate sight distance and speed measures. This study aims to develop accident prediction model using regression analysis. Location selected for study was State Highway-1 in Udupi district, Karnataka. Ten curves are selected on the road and comparative study of model prepared is checked to verify the model reliability. Datasets used for model calibration and development is Highway Geometric data, past accidents records, and spot speed of vehicles. Geometric data for the road sections are obtained from satellite imageries, and GIS data and speed data are collected using speed camera. Model generation was done using statistical computing by using multi-linear regression. The model showed that curve details and speed reduction between successive features were strongly related to accident frequency. Sharper curves are more tend to accidents, and speed reduction is higher at curves with smaller radius. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
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    Developing Mathematical Model for Operating Speed on Horizontal Curves of Arterial Roads
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Sanganaikar, R.S.; Mulangi, R.H.; Sangeetha; Dhanraj; Mohith Gowda, M.V.; Chandan, M.
    The world today faces a greater developmental issue, which is road safety. Minimal road safety has become the leading cause of accidents resulting in a higher number of injuries and deaths. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 10% of the world’s fatal accidents are from India. This may be attributed to the geometric characteristics of the road not meeting the expectations of vehicle drivers which in turn affects the vehicular operating speed. The present study aims to understand the dependency of the operating speed of various classes of vehicles on different road geometric characteristics at the curves. An arterial road stretch of length 15 km in the city of Mysore, Karnataka is selected for the study. A linear regression model is developed considering the most latent variables affecting the operating speed of vehicles on curved sections of the selected road stretch. MS Excel software is used to develop the regression model. It was found that the operating speed is minimal at the midpoint of the curve. Also, the operating speed depends on the radius of the curve, deflection angle, and length of the curve, superelevation, extra widening and available sight distance. Further studies may be carried out for the whole stretch as a global approach considering both curved and straight sections of the road. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
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    Operating Speed Prediction Model for Horizontal Curves of Two-Lane Rural Highways
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Mulangi, R.H.; Sanganaikar, R.S.; Niranjan Babu, K.R.N.; Pandey, S.K.
    The research presents a study of operating speed prediction model designed to increase the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. Operating speed is defined as “85th percentile of the distribution of observed speeds used to measure the operating speed associated with a particular location or geometric feature.†Operating speed is an important parameter influencing traffic flow and overall system performance. An operating speed prediction (OSP) model is a tool used in road safety and transportation engineering. The model uses real-time data from various sources and road infrastructure, to find dynamic factors affecting operating speed. Variables, such as spot speed and spatial coordinates, of the vehicles were analyzed. Models were developed to predict the operating speed using spot speed data. R software and Microsoft excel are employed to analyze the complex relationships among multiple variables and predict future operating speeds. The speed data is collected using Laser camera, and geometrics of the road is obtained using Google Earth pro and civil 3D. Data of the model is conducted over a stretch of 10 km on Padubidri to Karkala (SH-01) in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state for 10 curves at these locations. Integrating prediction model into transportation management systems has the capacity to enhance traffic control, and ultimately increase the overall efficiency of transportation networks. The results shows the model's accuracy and robustness in predicting operating speeds for two wheeler and car. This research is helpful for the ongoing efforts to develop transportation systems. This offers a practical tool for planners and engineers to make informed decisions that promote smoother traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance road safety. The proposed operating speed prediction model serves as a valuable asset in the quest for sustainable urban mobility solutions. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
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    Dependency of Vehicular Operating Speed on Road Geometric Characteristics: A Review
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Sanganaikar, R.S.; Mulangi, R.H.; Ananya, M.C.; Saniya, S.; Gani, A.
    Operating speed plays a vital role in geometric design. It varies with location and different physical road characteristics. This paper outlines the description of the importance of geometric design consistency, data collection, estimation of consistency indexes, model section and proposes a methodology for road safety evaluation in terms of operating speed clubbed with road geometric characteristics. The objective of this paper is to understand how various factors on the roads affect operating speed of vehicle classes. The review considers the effect of road geometric characteristics on operating speed of various classes of vehicles for state highway (SH) and national highway (NH) at curve points. This includes the understanding about the development of operating speed models for horizontal curves and preceding and succeeding tangents, as well as the study of the characteristics and relationships between acceleration and deceleration rates before and after horizontal curves. Various authors have collected spot speed data for cars, heavy commercial vehicles (HCV), heavy passenger vehicle (HPV), motor two-wheeler (MTW) using spot speed camera, radar gun, LiDAR gun, speed gun, laser gun, global positioning system (GPS) device, video camera, etc. The various geometric indices of a rural highway are determined using Civil 3D and Google Earth Pro. Lateral friction coefficient at the curve is determined using Skid Resistance Tester. Studies on operating speed prediction models are limited in developing countries like India, specifically for SH and MDR. This literature also discusses different kinds of models developed to justify the relation between operating speed and other latent independent variables. The paper also discusses methodologies adopted in understanding important variables and extracting most significant ones by various authors from different categories. From the rigorous literature survey, the most important and most correlated latent variables are suggested for inclusion in further studies related to operating speed on SH and NH particularly at the curve regions of the highways. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
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    Comparative Analysis of 85th Percentile Operating Speeds for Different Vehicle Categories Under Daytime and Nighttime Conditions: A preliminary Investigation
    (Nigerian Institution of Professional Engineers and Scientists, 2025) Sanganaikar, R.S.; Mulangi, R.H.; Yatish, R.G.
    Understanding spatiotemporal variations in vehicle operating speeds is essential for improving road safety on rural highways, particularly under low visibility nighttime conditions. This study investigates 85th percentile operating speeds (V85) of three vehicle categories, motorized two wheelers (MTWs), passenger cars (CARs), and heavy commercial vehicles (HCVs) at five key points along 30 horizontal curves on a two-lane rural highway in Karnataka, India. Spot speed data, collected using laser speed cameras under free flow conditions, were statistically validated and analysed across both daytime and nighttime. Results reveal consistent speed reductions at night, with CARs showing the highest nighttime deceleration, particularly at curve midpoints, while MTWs maintained moderate speeds across lighting conditions. Paired t-tests, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey analyses confirmed significant inter vehicle and inter segment speed variability. The segment from point of curvature (PC) to midpoint (MC) emerged as the most critical for all vehicle types and conditions based on composite variability rankings. These findings underscore the need for targeted countermeasures such as enhanced mid curve delineation, vehicle specific entry warnings, and improved nighttime visibility, tailored to segment and vehicle class. The study offers a replicable framework for prioritizing design and safety interventions and highlights the value of integrating statistical diagnostics and composite ranking approaches in rural highway safety assessments. © 2025 NIPES Pub. All rights reserved.