Faculty Publications
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/18736
Publications by NITK Faculty
Browse
67 results
Search Results
Item Models and algorithms for energy conservation in internet of things(Springer International Publishing, 2019) Rudra, B.; Prashanth, D.S.The growth of data and energy-hungry services is due to the increase of Internet of Things (IoT) devices connecting the world. For accessing these devices, the information has to be stored in one place and allowed to retrieve by the users whenever required. For the storage of data, IoT devices are relying on cloud infrastructure by transforming them into distributed one based on the facilities provided by the Internet Service Providers. Due to the large-scale applications, dependency of the services stored on the cloud making the IoT work more efficiently and flexibly. But the Data centers where the IoT data is stored is consuming more energy. The shortage of energy around the world made the researchers to think about energy-efficient data centers. There are plenty of Wireless sensor networks techniques are available, cannot be applied directly to the IoT data centers. The development of energy-efficient schemes becomes a challenging issue in the area of IoT Data Centers. In this chapter, we introduce Big data and how it is related to IoT and the migration of the data to the servers, load balancing among the servers, virtualization, green Computing describing the importance of energy conservation along with the recent analysis of the energy consumption. The various challenges and development of new algorithms by overcoming the limitations of the algorithms will be discussed as part of this chapter. As a conclusion, the future challenges for the energy conservation in IoT will be discussed. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.Item Impact of Blockchain for Internet of Things Security(wiley, 2020) Rudra, B.The Internet of Things (IoT) is playing a major role in the industry and is encouraging researchers to come up with various applications by bringing economical and social benefits to society. This is having an incredible impact on various environments using common operating picture ranging from mission-critical applications to business-oriented applications like healthcare, transportation, video surveillance, banking, etc. Common operating picture is achieved with the help of advancements seen in WSN devices, which are able to communicate with each other for the exchange of information and allow the data analysis for various purposes. The information is exchanged among the devices using the central server of cloud or fog, raising various security vulnerabilities. Not only the servers, but the IoT devices themselves will have security vulnerabilites which can be exploited by attacks like device spoofing, false authentication, etc. Taking into consideration the predicted evolution of IoT in the coming years, it is required to provide confidence in the users that the data they store or exchange and the devices they use for the purpose of security and privacy is preserved. The IoT objects are interconnected to each other but the functions of these vary from each other, which will not yield better security results with the conventional approaches. To address security and privacy concerns, the central server concept is eliminated and blockchain technology is introduced as a part of IoT. Blockchain, which is used for Bitcoin, has been recently used to provide security in peer-to-peer network, which is similar to IoT technology. This chapter explains the various applications of IoT fol lowed by the security and privacy issues. It discusses the challenges involved in securing IoT followed by an introduction to blockchain technology along with various advantages of blockchain for IoT. It also discusses the application domains of blockchain technology in IoT, classification of threat models that are considered by blockchain protocols for IoT networks, and a comparison of state-of-the-art secure models with respect to blockchain. At the end, the chapter highlights the open challenges and further research directions in blockchain technology for IoT. © 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC.Item Impact of internet of things in smart cities(Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2020) Rudra, B.A smart city uses various technologies to make the lives more easy and simple fulfilling the demands of the increasing population. Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role in making the city smart. It takes the required input and helps to make the things associated with it smart. Some of the smart operations include water and energy management which is becoming scarce. The system can be deployed in the cities to make things work and save future resources. A smart city can be empowered to increase the quality of life of the people and improve the environment to sustain for a long time. Implementing a smart city with IoT and connected technology helps enhance the quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, optimize resources and reduce costs. The chapter briefly discusses what is the role of IoT in smart cities describing the basics of what is IoT and what comprises a smart city followed by smart city segments. Benefits of IoT and their impact on the smart city along with the national and international case studies. At the end of the chapter, some of the challenges associated with the IoT with respect to smart cities. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020.Item Cyber-Physical Systems: Historical Evolution and Role in Future Autonomous Transportation(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Rudra, B.; Thanmayee, S.The revolutionary research and experiments in the field of computing and communicating technologies have resulted in a dramatic impact on the applications with societal and economic benefit. With the evolution of the Internet, it is now possible to connect every object or thing in the physical world. These things can communicate and also perform computations. It is now possible for humans to communicate with the physical things around us. This leads us to explore a whole new technology called Cyber Physical System (CPS). CPS combines computation, communication and control technologies in order to integrate the existing networked systems and embedded systems. It has modules to perform accurate data acquisition. These modules are basically distributed devices. Further the acquired data is sent to a layer of information processing as per the service requirements. There are enormous applications of CPS namely: digital medical devices, autonomous vehicles, robotic systems, intelligent highways, aerospace systems, industry automation, building and environment control and physical process control. Among the listed applications, autonomous transportation is evolving through the ongoing research trends. In autonomous transportation systems, there is a high requirement for reliable communication between the communicating entities, accurate data acquisition and processing and high computing capabilities. Thus CPS is a novel engineering system that can suit the requirements of autonomous transportation. In this chapter we discuss the evolution of CPS and its role in future autonomous transportation. We explore the research challenges in the CPS based on autonomous transportation. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Architecture and Deployment Models-SDN Protocols, APIs, and Layers, Applications and Implementations(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Rudra, B.; S, T.The current Internet infrastructure is not anticipating such a growth of IoT and increasing the network complexity. New network architecture for the management of IoT data flow and also catering to the Quality of Service of different IoT services is required. The existing incompatible solutions are limited to the early adoption of IoT. The standardization bodies, industries, researches were involved in developing standards to support end-to-end connection, interoperation between devices from different vendors and also provide cost-efficient solutions. The Working Groups (WG) at the IETF introduced new solutions that have allowed the connection of low-power wireless networks to the Internet. In spite of the vast exploration of solutions for deploying IoT, the management of IoT networks requires complex routing topologies with a simplified user operation. This gives rise to the need for centralized network control which is facilitated by Software Defined Networking (SDN). SDN was a standard technology for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) already available which is the early version of IoT as the world knows it today. SDN provides a framework to ease the complexity involved in the management of sophisticated networks. We discuss various protocols present in the architecture along with the research challenges for the future. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Fundamentals of quantum computation and basic quantum gates(IGI Global, 2023) Mummadi, S.; Rudra, B.Quantum computing plays a major role in modern computation. It can perform operations exponentially faster when compared to classical computation. It has applications in various areas like Secure communication, Drug design, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber security, etc. Thus the researchers and students are showing interest to perform experiments in quantum computing to design novel architectures. But to learn/understand quantum computing, one should have strong knowledge of its basics. Because quantum computing performs operations at the atomic level, so the learners need to understand basic concepts like Qubits, Superposition, Quantum gates, etc. Therefore this chapter gives a clear idea about the basic concepts of quantum computing like Qubits, Superposition, Entanglement, Teleportation, and Quantum gates. © 2023, IGI Global. All rights reserved.Item Fundamentals of quantum computation and basic quantum gates(IGI Global, 2024) Mummadi, S.; Rudra, B.Quantum computing plays a major role in modern computation. It can perform operations exponentially faster when compared to classical computation. It has applications in various areas like secure communication, drug design, artificial intelligence, cyber security, etc. Thus, the researchers and students are showing interest to perform experiments in quantum computing to design novel architectures. But to learn/understand quantum computing, one should have strong knowledge of its basics. Because quantum computing performs operations at the atomic level, so the learners need to understand basic concepts like Qubits, superposition, quantum gates, etc. This chapter gives a clear idea about the basic concepts of quantum computing like Qubits, superposition, entanglement, and quantum gates. Copyright 2024, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. © 2024 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.Item Future of mobility: Potential challenges and ethical considerations(IGI Global, 2025) Sawant, S.; Rudra, B.Quantum Computers with its extraordinary computing power, have marked the beginning of a new era of computers. Their presence is not just revolutionising the scientific community, but also transforming the world. However, such a power in the hands of an adversary can be fatal. They will empower adversaries to have unauthorized access to user's data. Technologies based on lightweight cryptographic methods such as Vehicular Communication, will be adversely affected. Thus, there is a need to develop mechanisms that are lightweight and at the same time uncom- promisable by Quantum- Powered Adversaries (QPA) before powerful Quantum Computers are developed. In this chapter, we first focus on the current scenario of secure communication and how QPA can exploit it. Later, we focus on how QuantumSafe Cryptography and Artificial Intelligence can contribute in the development of defensive mechanisms against QPA. Finally, we conclude the chapter by highlighting the challenges in making the solutions feasible for adoption. © 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved.Item Automated Traffic Light Signal Violation Detection System Using Convolutional Neural Network(Springer, 2020) Bordia, B.; Nishanth, N.; Patel, S.; Anand Kumar, M.; Rudra, B.Automated traffic light violation detection system relies on the detection of traffic light color from the video captured with the CCTV camera, detection of the white safety line before the traffic signal and vehicles. Detection of the vehicles crossing traffic signals is generally done with the help of sensors which get triggered when the traffic signal turns red or yellow. Sometimes, these sensors get triggered even when the person crosses the line or some animal crossover or because of some bad weather that gives false results. In this paper, we present a software which will work on image processing and convolutional neural network to detect the traffic signals, vehicles and the white safety line present in front of the traffic signals. We present an efficient way to detect the white safety line in this paper combined with the detection of traffic lights trained on the Bosch dataset and vehicle detection using the TensorFlow object detection SSD model. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Distributed Adaptive Video Streaming using Inter-Server Data Distribution and Agent-based Adaptive Load Balancing(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Bhowmik, M.; Raghunandan, A.; Rudra, B.As the number and hours of videos available within an organisation increases, as well as it's demand, the need for fast video streaming applications arises. Cloud based services are not cost effective and are not an ideal choice for storing the ever-increasing video data that is usually stored and used only within a particular organisation, like a University. Hence, this paper proposes a web based system design to store and stream videos at a small-scale within an organisation. To improve the video viewing experience for the user, the system is flexible to handle sudden changes, like increase in number of requests. The system requires the use of a cluster of servers to deliver the content as a single server cannot handle the load as number of requests increases. This requires effective load distribution among the servers. This paper proposes a way to design this system for adaptive video streaming. This system is highly scalable and can handle high loads, i.e. a higher number of users connecting to the application simultaneously. This paper proposes an algorithm called inter-server load balancing algorithm with Adaptive Agent-based load balancing to solve this problem. The algorithms also incorporates dynamic video resolution delivery techniques to ensure smooth viewing experience in the whole user experience irrespective of the network speed and bandwidth. © 2020 IEEE.