Faculty Publications
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/18736
Publications by NITK Faculty
Browse
5 results
Search Results
Item Pricing Decisions in a Heterogeneous Dual-Channel Supply Chain Under Lead Time-Sensitive Customer Demand(Springer Nature, 2023) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Saraf, S.Internet facilities helped retailers to sell through online channels, and as a result, e-tailers rose into prominence and started competing with retailers. But, the e-commerce industry always confronted the issue of lead delivery time, hindering the growth of many e-tailers. We observed scant literature that studies the impact of delivery lead time on a dual-channel supply chain consisting of retailer and e-tailer. This research paper uses game theory to verify the impact of delivery lead time on pricing decisions of a heterogeneous dual-channel supply chain consisting of the manufacturer, retailer, and e-tailer. We used the Stackelberg game to study the manufacturer’s and downstream partners’ interaction: retailers and e-tailers. A horizontal Nash game was used to model the interaction between the downstream partners. We had analytically modeled how the lead delivery time significantly affects the channel partner’s optimal pricing, sales volume, and profitability. We also did sensitivity analysis to check the influence of the customers’ channel preference coefficient toward a particular channel and its cross-effects on the pricing policies when the customer is also lead time-sensitive. The study revealed that irrespective of large delivery time or next day delivery time, customers’ preference toward a particular channel didn’t affect the manufacturer’s profit, whereas it affected the profit of the retailer and e-tailer. On the other hand, the increase in lead time-sensitivity coefficient severely affected the profit of all the supply chain partners. By analyzing the pricing decisions, we found that both the customer preference and lead time-sensitivity coefficients affected the pricing decisions, but customers’ channel preference coefficient failed to mitigate the effect of lead delivery time. The inputs from this study can be used by practicing managers to develop decision support systems and as an input in multi-agent systems for converting lead time-sensitive supply chains to robust and resilient ones. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.Item 'Watch and Buy' and its impact on online retailers and manufacturer: A Stackelberg and Nash game analysis(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Kumar, S.P.; Islam, S.M.N.'Watch and Buy' or live stream (LS) selling is a novel selling method where an influencer will showcase the product through an LS channel or social media; the consumer can interact with the influencer and buy the product online. Our study, for the first time, analyses the pricing decisions of an LS channel when they competes with the traditional online retailer (OR). We also analysed the impact of LS on OR and the product manufacturer (PM). Later, we examined the effect of conversion rate and revenue sharing contract on the supply chain partners' profit. This study's findings can act as a starting point for the analytical studies in LS selling and can aid the management practitioners of LS, OR and PM to optimise their profit. © 2023 IEEE.Item Equilibrium analysis of dual-channel supply chain under retailer's greening cost information asymmetry(IGI Global journaleditor@igi-global.com, 2020) Rofin, T.M.; Mahanty, B.The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of information asymmetry of retailer's greening cost on the performance of both the manufacturer and the retailer. The study considers a dual-channel supply chain comprising of a manufacturer and a retailer committed to green operations. The authors have employed sequential game theoretic model to derive the closed form expressions corresponding to the two cases under consideration, that is: (1) complete information and (2) asymmetric information. They have found that the sharing of greening cost information by the retailer can make both the manufacturer and the retailer better off in terms of profit. They have also found that the greening cost information sharing is all the more important when the greening cost efficiency is weak. The study helps retail managers to make a decision on whether to conceal or reveal the greening cost information with the upstream manufacturer. © 2020 IGI Global.Item Pricing decisions during panic buying and its effect on a dual-channel supply chain under different channel power structures(Palgrave Macmillan, 2024) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Kumar, S.P.Uncertain future and fears about the stock-outs will compel the customers to stock goods at home, resulting in panic buying. Even though it is a frequently observed consumer behaviour, there is scant literature in dual-channel supply chain (DCSC) which address this demand disruption. This study analytically models and analyses the impact of panic buying in a DCSC. For that we consider a two-echelon dual-channel supply chain comprising of a manufacturer, brick and mortar store (r-store), and online store (e-store). The interaction between the upstream and downstream channel members is modelled using a Stackelberg game. Further, we examined two models based on the channel power difference between the r-store and e-store, i.e., (i) r-store leader model and (ii) the e-store leader model. We also used Monte-Carlo simulation to deduce corollaries and managerial insights. We found that the Law of demand doesn’t hold during panic buying disruption, and even essential goods act like Veblen goods during the period. Contrary to the expectation, panic buying was also found to be beneficial for the e-store. Counter-intuitive results with respect to the channel power were also obtained in the sense that it is beneficial for the r-store to operate under the leadership of the e-store and vice versa. The study shows that the manufacturer is better off with panic buying. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2023.Item Pricing strategies for dual-channel supply chain members under pandemic demand disruptions(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Kumar, S.P.The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented disruption and has checked the robustness of the global supply chains. This article, for the first time, addresses a Dual Channel Supply Chain (DCSC) competition between an upstream manufacturer and downstream traditional retail stores (r-store) and electronic stores (e-store) under pandemic-induced demand disruptions. We employed the Stackelberg game to model the multi-agent interaction among the upstream manufacturer and downstream r-store and e-store. The competitive subgame between r-store and e-store was modelled using a horizontal Nash game, assuming their comparable channel power. To assess the impact of demand disruption, the benchmark pre-pandemic setting was compared against panic buying, lock-down, and post-lock-down situations in alignment with the actual occurrence of events. The optimal pricing strategies and consequent profit functions of all the channel members were derived by conducting an equilibrium analysis. Further, a computational analysis using Monte-Carlo simulation was conducted to obtain managerial insights. The study found that r-store profited the most during the panic buying period, except for high-cost products. On the other hand, the e-store benefited significantly during the post-lock-down period. The lock-down period was unfavorable for both r-store and e-store. Manufacturers achieved maximum profits during panic buying, especially for essential goods. Both lock-down and post-lock-down periods were less favourable for the upstream channel partner. Findings from the study will aid the management practitioners in developing policies to make the DCSC robust during pandemic disruptions. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.