Faculty Publications
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Item Pricing Decisions in a Heterogeneous Dual-Channel Supply Chain Under Lead Time-Sensitive Customer Demand(Springer Nature, 2023) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Saraf, S.Internet facilities helped retailers to sell through online channels, and as a result, e-tailers rose into prominence and started competing with retailers. But, the e-commerce industry always confronted the issue of lead delivery time, hindering the growth of many e-tailers. We observed scant literature that studies the impact of delivery lead time on a dual-channel supply chain consisting of retailer and e-tailer. This research paper uses game theory to verify the impact of delivery lead time on pricing decisions of a heterogeneous dual-channel supply chain consisting of the manufacturer, retailer, and e-tailer. We used the Stackelberg game to study the manufacturer’s and downstream partners’ interaction: retailers and e-tailers. A horizontal Nash game was used to model the interaction between the downstream partners. We had analytically modeled how the lead delivery time significantly affects the channel partner’s optimal pricing, sales volume, and profitability. We also did sensitivity analysis to check the influence of the customers’ channel preference coefficient toward a particular channel and its cross-effects on the pricing policies when the customer is also lead time-sensitive. The study revealed that irrespective of large delivery time or next day delivery time, customers’ preference toward a particular channel didn’t affect the manufacturer’s profit, whereas it affected the profit of the retailer and e-tailer. On the other hand, the increase in lead time-sensitivity coefficient severely affected the profit of all the supply chain partners. By analyzing the pricing decisions, we found that both the customer preference and lead time-sensitivity coefficients affected the pricing decisions, but customers’ channel preference coefficient failed to mitigate the effect of lead delivery time. The inputs from this study can be used by practicing managers to develop decision support systems and as an input in multi-agent systems for converting lead time-sensitive supply chains to robust and resilient ones. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.Item Delivery lead time competition between e-tailers: A game-theoretic study(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Kumar, S.In the study, we analyse the impact of delivery time on the pricing, sales volume and profitability of a dual-channel supply chain consisting of manufacturer, retailer and e-tailer. We used the Stackelberg game to model the game between upstream and downstream channel partners and the horizontal Nash game to model the interaction between the e-tailers. Later we solved some numerical examples to develop the corollaries. It was found that the optimal price, sales volume and optimal profit significantly decreased when the delivery time was high and using game theory, we quantify the decrease. It was also observed that by regulating the customer preference towards the channel, this decrease can be controlled. © 2021 IEEE.Item 'Watch and Buy' and its impact on online retailers and manufacturer: A Stackelberg and Nash game analysis(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Kumar, S.P.; Islam, S.M.N.'Watch and Buy' or live stream (LS) selling is a novel selling method where an influencer will showcase the product through an LS channel or social media; the consumer can interact with the influencer and buy the product online. Our study, for the first time, analyses the pricing decisions of an LS channel when they competes with the traditional online retailer (OR). We also analysed the impact of LS on OR and the product manufacturer (PM). Later, we examined the effect of conversion rate and revenue sharing contract on the supply chain partners' profit. This study's findings can act as a starting point for the analytical studies in LS selling and can aid the management practitioners of LS, OR and PM to optimise their profit. © 2023 IEEE.Item Professional Quality of Life Among Mental Health Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Lobo, R.; Kumar, S.P.; Rofin, T.M.The professional quality of life (ProQOL) is increasingly applied to nurses and is a measure of the positive and negative aspects of their work. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the level of compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in empirical studies. Electronic databases Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science were searched on 7th February 2024, and the review followed PRISMA guidelines. The pooled estimate of compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress mean scores using a random-effects model for meta-analyses was undertaken. R statistical software and the dmetar program were used to execute the analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I2 statistics, while publication bias was evaluated using Egger's regression test. Twenty-four studies (sample size = 4274) were systematically reviewed and 18 studies (n = 3163) were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction are found to be at moderate levels in this research. The qualitative analysis informs that variables such as healthy lifestyle, work environment and psychological resilience contribute towards optimum ProQOL scores. The pooled mean estimate was 32.79 (95% CI = 29.57–36) for compassion satisfaction, 24.99 (95% CI = 23.75–26.23) for burnout and 21.99 (95% CI = 18.93–25.06) for secondary traumatic stress, respectively. Mental health nurse managers need to address the factors in the work environment and promote interventions to enhance coping with burnout and STS. Subgroup analyses of country-based economies & regions and years revealed significant results. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.Item Equilibrium analysis of dual-channel supply chain under retailer's greening cost information asymmetry(IGI Global journaleditor@igi-global.com, 2020) Rofin, T.M.; Mahanty, B.The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of information asymmetry of retailer's greening cost on the performance of both the manufacturer and the retailer. The study considers a dual-channel supply chain comprising of a manufacturer and a retailer committed to green operations. The authors have employed sequential game theoretic model to derive the closed form expressions corresponding to the two cases under consideration, that is: (1) complete information and (2) asymmetric information. They have found that the sharing of greening cost information by the retailer can make both the manufacturer and the retailer better off in terms of profit. They have also found that the greening cost information sharing is all the more important when the greening cost efficiency is weak. The study helps retail managers to make a decision on whether to conceal or reveal the greening cost information with the upstream manufacturer. © 2020 IGI Global.Item Impact of green retail operations on the profit of the manufacturer and the retailer under different pricing strategies(Springer, 2021) Rofin, T.M.; Singha Mahapatra, M.S.; Mahanty, B.The increasing customer awareness of environmental sustainability has motivated retailers to engage in green practices. In this paper, we consider a retailer involved in green retailing operations under a dual-channel supply chain framework under which the manufacturer is selling through an e-marketplace and a retailer. We investigate the impact of green retailing operations on the profit of the supply chain members for consistent pricing strategy and inconsistent pricing strategy using a non-linear demand function. We resort to a bi-level genetic algorithm for the solutions. Through a numerical example, we have quantified the profit of the chain members and assessed the impact of the retailer’s engagement in green retail operations on the profit of the chain members. We have also carried out a sensitivity analysis of the profit of the chain members for the rapidly evolving customer preference for e-marketplace. From the numerical illustration, we found that (1) it is beneficial for the retailer to engage in green retail operations irrespective of the pricing strategy (2) retailer’s engagement in green retail operations reduces the profit of the manufacturer regardless of the pricing strategy of the retailer. © 2020, Operational Research Society of India.Item Impact of wholesale price discrimination on the profit of chain members under different channel power structures(Palgrave Macmillan, 2021) Rofin, T.M.; Mahanty, B.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of wholesale price discrimination by a manufacturer on the profitability of chain members in a Retailer—E-tailer dual-channel supply chain for different product categories based on their online channel preference. We have considered two distinct channel power structures in this study, i.e., (i) retailer has higher channel power than the e-tailer and (ii) e-tailer has higher channel power than the retailer. Game-theoretic models are developed to examine the competition between the retailer and e-tailer and to derive their optimal decisions under equal wholesale price strategy and discriminatory wholesale price strategy for the channel power structures considered. Further, a numerical example was employed to quantify the results and to capture the variation with respect to online channel preference of the product. We have found that discriminatory wholesale price strategy is the gainful strategy (i) for a manufacturer dealing with products having high online channel preference under retailer leader structure (ii) for the manufacturer dealing with products having low online channel preference under e-tailer leader structure. Equal wholesale price strategy is the gainful strategy (i) for a manufacturer dealing with products having low online channel preference under retailer leader structure and (ii) for a manufacturer dealing with products having high online channel preference under e-tailer leader structure. The study helps the manufacturers to maximize their profit by adopting the right wholesale price strategy considering the online channel preference of the product and the downstream channel power structure. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.Item Basic human values of Indian management professionals: a demographic profile(Inderscience Publishers, 2023) Joseph, A.; Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.This study tries to check the degree of basic human values among management professionals in India with considerable cultural and linguistic differences and how it varies across the different demographic influences. We have checked the impact of demographic variables like gender, age, education, type of organisation, place of residence, and work experience on basic human values. Hypotheses testing were conducted using MANOVA. It was inferred that the perception regarding the degree of basic human values differs among different management professionals based on their age, gender, education, type of organisation, and place of residence. Surprisingly, the work experience of the person does not have a significant influence on basic human values. Consequently, we imply that the demographics of an individual carve their basic human values. The findings and inferences of the proposed study will be of great importance to policymakers and recruiting managers to fetch the right candidate. © © 2023 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Item Pricing decisions during panic buying and its effect on a dual-channel supply chain under different channel power structures(Palgrave Macmillan, 2024) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Kumar, S.P.Uncertain future and fears about the stock-outs will compel the customers to stock goods at home, resulting in panic buying. Even though it is a frequently observed consumer behaviour, there is scant literature in dual-channel supply chain (DCSC) which address this demand disruption. This study analytically models and analyses the impact of panic buying in a DCSC. For that we consider a two-echelon dual-channel supply chain comprising of a manufacturer, brick and mortar store (r-store), and online store (e-store). The interaction between the upstream and downstream channel members is modelled using a Stackelberg game. Further, we examined two models based on the channel power difference between the r-store and e-store, i.e., (i) r-store leader model and (ii) the e-store leader model. We also used Monte-Carlo simulation to deduce corollaries and managerial insights. We found that the Law of demand doesn’t hold during panic buying disruption, and even essential goods act like Veblen goods during the period. Contrary to the expectation, panic buying was also found to be beneficial for the e-store. Counter-intuitive results with respect to the channel power were also obtained in the sense that it is beneficial for the r-store to operate under the leadership of the e-store and vice versa. The study shows that the manufacturer is better off with panic buying. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2023.Item The opportunities and challenges of crisis cartel during demand disruptions: A game theoretic study(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2024) Raju, S.; Rofin, T.M.; Kumar, S.P.Crisis cartel refers to the collaboration between organisations during unprecedented conditions to counter the effect of disruption during an economic crisis. Despite its prevalence, scholarly attention to this phenomenon remains scant. Employing a dual-channel framework involving manufacturers, online retailers (ORs) and traditional brick-and-mortar retailers (BMRs), the authors scrutinised the efficacy of crisis cartels in mitigating the impact of negative demand disruptions. Three distinct game theoretic frameworks were applied to model the interactive dynamics between the supply chain partners, namely, the horizontal Nash game, the Stackelberg game and the collusion game. It was observed that, during disruption under crisis cartels, the optimal price and profit of both the downstream channel partners increased, whereas the optimal order quantity decreased. Manufacturers and consumers are worse off in terms of profit and consumer surplus, respectively, during the crisis cartel engagement between BMR and OR. Nonetheless, a crisis cartel emerged as a potential solution to address negative demand disruptions. In evaluating post-disruption cartels, the study finds the necessity of regulating crisis cartels. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, market regulators and practitioners, suggesting the need for strategic regulatory adjustments to effectively manage disruptions through the prudent utilisation of crisis cartel as a proactive management tool. The study expands existing theory by providing novel insights into the strategic interactions and dynamics within collaborative responses to demand disruptions, thus offering a pioneering approach to crisis management research. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.