Faculty Publications
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Item Use of Stabilized Lateritic and Black Cotton Soils as a Base Course Replacing Conventional Granular Layer in Flexible Pavement(Springer, 2020) Amulya, S.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.The present work investigates the improved properties of lateritic and black cotton soils stabilized with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and alkali solutions. The alkali solution includes a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The lateritic and black soils are treated with 30% GGBFS and the alkali solutions consisting of 6% Na2O having silica modulus (Ms) of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 at a constant water binder ratio of 0.25. The treated samples were air-cured for 0 (immediately after casting), 3, 7 and 28 days at ambient temperature. The treated lateritic soil with 0.5 and 1.0 Ms is found durable after 3, 7, and 28 days curing. Whereas, the treated BC soil found durable with Ms 0.5 at modified Proctor density after 28 days curing. The formation of calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate structures resulted in a remarkable improvement of compressive strength, flexure and fatigue life of treated soils due to dissolved calcium ions from GGBFS, silicate and aluminium ions from alkali solutions. The microstructure image of the durable soil sample shows the crystal orientation of particles. The design of high and low volume roads is proposed by replacing the conventional granular layer with the durable stabilized soil and stress–strain analysis is carried out using pavement analysis software. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Replacement of Conventional Base Course with Stabilized Lateritic Soil Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Alkali Solution in the Flexible Pavement Construction(Springer, 2020) Amulya, S.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.The use of cement/chemical-treated base and sub-bases is widely recommended in the pavement construction. Therefore, this paper investigates the behaviour of stabilized lateritic soil as a base course in flexible pavement by replacing the granular base course. The lateritic soil was stabilized with 25% Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) along with the alkali solutions such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate at a varying sodium oxide (Na2O) contents of 4, 5 and 6%, silica modulus (Ms, a ratio of silica to sodium oxide) of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 and a constant water binder ratio (w/b) of 0.25. The maximum compressive strengths of 5452 and 6593 kPa were achieved for a treated sample consisting of 6% Na2O and 1.0 Ms cured for 28 days at the light and heavy compactions, respectively, which is due to the formation of calcium silicate hydrates when calcium oxide-rich GGBFS reacts with water. Further with the curing period results in an increase in strength due to the formation of calcium alumino-silicate hydrates when GGBFS reacts with alkali solutions. The durability of the samples was evaluated by wetting–drying and freezing–thawing tests. The samples passing the required durability criteria were tested for flexural strength and fatigue life. Scanning electron microscope images showed closely packed crystal orientation indicating high strength. Low and high volume pavements were designed using stabilized soil as a base course, and the strains were evaluated using pavement analysis software. It is suggested that the conventional granular base layer can be replaced with the stabilized soil. © 2020, Indian Geotechnical Society.Item Utilization of lateritic soil stabilized with alkali solution and ground granulated blast furnace slag as a base course in flexible pavement construction(Springer, 2020) Amulya, A.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.; Singh, A.; Pammar, K.H.The natural aggregates are depleting in developing countries due to the excessive usage in road and building construction. In the present study, the engineering properties of abundantly available lateritic soil stabilized with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and alkali solutions like Sodium hydroxide and Sodium silicate was evaluated. The suitability of stabilized soil as a base course in flexible pavements was investigated. The lateritic soil was treated with 15, 20, 25 and 30% of GGBS and alkali solutions consisting of 5% of Sodium oxide with Silica Modulus (Ms) of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 at a constant water binder ratio of 0.25. The improved unconfined compressive strength, flexural strength, and fatigue life were observed from the soil treated with 30% of GGBS and alkali solution having Ms 1.0 air-cured for 28 days at ambient temperature. The improvement is due to the formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrates and Calcium Alumino Silicate Hydrates from an exothermic reaction between Calcium ions and the dissolved silicates and aluminates present in GGBS and alkali solutions. The samples treated with 25, 30% of GGBS and alkali solution having 1.0 Ms cured for 28 days found to be durable in Wetting-Drying and Freezing-Thawing tests. The compact and densified crystal orientation of the treated soil samples was observed from the microstructure images obtained from the Scanning Electron Microscope technique. The design of low and high volume roads was suggested with stabilized soil and strains developed at different locations on the proposed pavement were analyzed using pavement analysis software. © 2020, Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Springer Nature.Item Effect of Flash Flood and Weather Changes on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cement- and Fly Ash-Stabilized Black Cotton Soil Used as Road Materials(Springer, 2023) Chethan, B.A.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.Stabilized soil naturally undergoes variation in moisture content and temperature during seasonal weather changes. In this investigation, the influence of these weather changes on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of black cotton (BC) soil stabilized with ordinary Portland cement (43 grade) and class F fly ash was studied. Cement dosage was varied from 3 to 10%, along with different combined dosages of (cement + fly ash) (where fly ash < 32%) for stabilizing various mixes. The UCS specimens were cured for 0 (immediately after preparation) 3, 7, 28, 60, and 90 days in a desiccator and subsequently submerged for 24 h in water to ensure saturation. The flash flood effect was evaluated in terms of strength reduction by correlating UCS of saturated specimens (UCSs) with UCS of desiccator-cured specimens. The stabilized materials’ resistance to wetting–drying (WD), freezing–thawing (FT) durability tests and subsequent UCS retained over time were determined. The UCS values increased substantially at higher cement and fly ash contents and with the curing period, whereas a notable reduction in UCSs values was observed for saturated samples. However, the samples with high cement and fly ash contents exhibited low moisture susceptibility with lesser strength reduction. The UCS and UCSs values are linearly correlated with R2 values > 0.9. All the specimens were intact with improved volume stability at higher cement and fly ash dosages during saturation and drying. Mixes with high cement and fly ash dosages shown improved resistance to WD cycles, whereas at a low dosage, most of the mixes failed during the second wetting cycle due to a drastic absorption of water after the first drying cycle. All FT specimens were intact with considerable strength retained after 12 cycles exhibiting a minimal mass loss. The formation of hydration products has justified the strength gain as observed from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) plots. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering.