Faculty Publications
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Item Protease: Enzyme-aided value-addition in food processing industries(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2014) Raval, R.; Raval, K.; Brar, S.K.; Verma, M.Environmental and economic apprehensions behoove a reduction in food processing wastes and processing of food residuals to new value added products, enzyme being one of the means of obtaining the same. In this chapter we intend to exemplify the initiatives engendered by different groups to confront the issue of waste disposal and searching a more environment friendly method of handling the bio wastes. This has been elaborated by the panoramic view of the waste generated worldwide. In addition different enzymes produced using the industrial waste has been discussed. In the subsequent section, the trailing towards protease has been made. In continuation, an initiative made by different food based industries in the employment of protease in degradation of the industrial wastes has been touched on upon in the first section of the chapter. In the second section, the research on the use of various organic wastes generated by the food industries for the protease production by solid state fermentation has been discussed. This would in turn help in value addition of the organic waste generated. © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Item Photobioreactors for wastewater treatment: Recent advances(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2017) Lavanya, A.; Raval, K.; Raval, R.Sustainability of any waste treatment process depends on how a waste, particularly wastewater, is handled. Wastewater treatment is greatly important for the welfare of the environment and of the Earth in general. An integrative approach involving CO2 sequestration, effluent treatment and biomass generation presents a tremendous potential as the overall process in wastewater treatment and is more sustainable compared with conventional treatment. Research on the use of photobioreactors (PBRs) in wastewater treatment has gained momentum in the past decade. The use of photosynthetic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, in wastewater treatment offers advantages, such as low energy requirement, biomass production and CO2sequestration. A large amount of inorganic species present in wastewater promotes the growth of various photosynthetic microorganisms. Removal of high concentrations of inorganic compounds is the major requisite in any wastewater treatment process. Some photosynthetic organisms, especially microalgae, play an important role in a treatment process that involves reduction of nitrates, phosphates and sulfates. Literature suggests that the use of PBRs in wastewater treatment considerably reduces the cost of microalgal cultivation and consequently controls water pollution, conserves freshwater resources and produces useful chemicals and biomass. This chapter focuses on research advances in wastewater treatment using PBRs. Different types of wastewater handled, mixed culture systems (e.g., algal.bacterial system employed in wastewater treatment), types of PBRs used, and bottlenecks that must be addressed to scale-up the wastewater treatment process are discussed. © 2017 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Item Microbes and their products as sensors in industrially important fermentations(wiley, 2018) Raval, R.; Raval, K.This chapter details on the different microbial sensors used in fermentations. It takes through the path in history dealing with the developments made in devicing various sensors and their applications in as industrially important products. The chapter is designed to re-analyze the previous studies that covered the usage of whole cell and products of microbes as important parameters to improve the fermentation processes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.Item A perspective of advanced biosensors for environmental monitoring(Elsevier, 2019) Mohan Balakrishnan, R.M.; Uddandarao, U.; Raval, K.; Raval, R.Biosensor technology has developed in leaps and bounds due to multidisciplinary approach between biotechnology and nanotechnology. This synergy provided much needed characteristic features, such as sensitivity and selectivity to the biosensor technology. Biosensors are venerated as superior entities for electrochemical, optical, and calorimetric-based sensing because of their exceptional size properties. They are the potential tools, which exhibited the feasibility and potential in detecting various biological, physical, chemical, radiological contaminants in water. This book chapter outlines the overview of various types of sensors, especially on chalcogen-based semiconductor nanoparticles. In this scenario, green route nanoparticles which employ PbSe quantum dots synthesis via marine Aspergillus terreus and ZnS/PbS nanoparticles via an endophytic fungus Aspergillus flavus are focused in this chapter. The book chapter also discusses about highly selective biogenic nanosensors which play a significant role in improving the capacity of biosensors due to their size tuneable quantum confinement effects. Potential applications of these biosensors for environmental monitoring are discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Insights on the advanced processes for treatment of inorganic water pollutants(Elsevier, 2020) Mohan Balakrishnan, R.M.; Uddandarao, P.; Manirethan, V.; Raval, K.A remarkable increase in the discharge of inorganic pollutants globally from various sources such as mines, industries, or agricultural lands is a major threat to the environment. Development of novel methodologies to mitigate the effects caused by inorganic pollutants in water is crucial in addressing environmental issues. In this regard, various biological sources as nanosorbents and biosensors are venerated as superior entities for the detection and removal of inorganic contaminants. This chapter summarizes the utility of marine bacterial melanin- and fungal-based selenium nanoparticles for the adsorption and further reports endophytic fungal–based ZnS and PbS nanoparticles for the detection of inorganic pollutants from the aqueous systems; moreover, it gives a perspective on current challenges for the removal of contaminants. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Recent Trends in Conventional and Nonconventional Bioprocessing(wiley, 2021) Goswami, S.; Raval, K.; Anjana; Bhat, P.This chapter presents the developments that happened in conventional and nonconventional bioprocessing in the past two decades. The first part of the chapter is focused on the upstream bioprocessing, especially bioreactor design and development. The most widely used conventional bioreactors at laboratory scale and production scale are discussed. Single-use technology has emerged winner in recent times of high-value products market and therefore, the second part of the chapter discusses the essential characteristics of successful single-use bioreactors. A brief note on the use of disposable technology in downstream bioprocessing is mentioned at the end of the chapter. © 2022 John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Item Immunomodulatory effects of chitooligosaccharides(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Govindaraj, V.; Raval, K.; Raval, R.Chitooligosaccharide, a low molecular weight, biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide possess various biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing effects. Immunomodulation is one of the attractive features of chitooligosaccharide and it is being explored in recent years. Chitooligosaccharide acts on various signaling molecules involved in immune response to elicit the required immune stimulation or immune suppression. In-vitro and in-vivo studies provide us great insight on biological activities of chitooligosaccharides underpinning the immunomodulatory effects. Overview of innate and adaptive immunity and immunomodulation effects of chitooligosaccharide is explored in this chapter while highlighting synthesis and biological activities of chitooligosaccharides. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. All rights reserved.Item Evaluation of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Immunomodulating Blood Sentinel Cells(Apple Academic Press, 2024) Subramani, A.K.; Raval, K.; Raval, R.Opportunistic pathogens can invade and thus cause infections in the body. However, in most instances, the body mounts an immune response to counter the infection. Sentinel cells are the body’s second line of defense, which act against invading microbes. An important part of the innate system, these sentinel cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. The plethora of pattern recognition receptors helps them to combat the invading pathogen from colonizing the body. They do so by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress or by the adaptive immune cells releasing chemokines. However, a paradigm shift of unrestrained inflammation or oxidative stress can also lead to a hypersensitivity reaction, sepsis, or autoimmune disorder. On the other extreme, an under-responsive sentinel cell might lead to frequent infections. Immunomodulators like chitosan can assist the sentinel cells in the titrated priming of the pathogen, thereby reducing chronic inflammation conditions. Chitosan, the amorphous derivative of chitin is the second largest abundant polymer after cellulose. The physicochemical properties of chitosan and COS depend on molecular weight, degree of polymerization 52(DP), and degree of deacetylation (DD). Thus, the modulation of these properties can impart chitosan and its oligosaccharides (COS) for various biomedical applications. In the present chapter, an overview of the innate responses of the sentinel cells and the synergistic roles played by chitosan and its derivatives to regularize various responses. © 2024 Apple Academic Press, Inc.Item Use of Microalgae for the Development of Carbon Neutral Bio-CNG Process(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Datta, P.; Bej, S.; Madav, M.; Raval, K.The comprehensive chapter focuses on the upgradation techniques and conversion of the biogas generated from the huge amount of biowaste, to methane-enriched bio-compressed natural gas (bio-CNG). The sustainable bio-fixation of the extracted CO2 by employing various algal strains for carbon capture and utilization (CCU) along with the culture conditions has been discussed. The comparative analyses highlight that the integrated biorefinery approach does not involve harmful chemicals, high energy utilization and high operating expenses. The post-treatment and consumption of biogas-separated CO2 by algae make the process carbon neutral. The potential algal strains, their CO2 utilization capacity, and subsequent formation of high algal biomass along with several significant value-added products such as biofuels, biochemicals and biofertilizers in different types of photobioreactors and other process parameters, are also elaborated. The emerging role of efficient algal species in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the climate change issue has been illustrated for making it an eco-friendly strategy. The systematic valorization of algal biomass contributes to promising resource regeneration and promotes a circular economy in the sector of bioenergy industries to sustainably fulfill the global energy demand. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.Item A sustainable bioprocess for lipase production using seawater and the byproduct obtained from coconut oil industries(CRC Press/Balkema, 2019) Raval, R.; Verma, A.; Raval, K.Globally lipases are the most attractive source of research, as it has numerous applications in various industries like food industry, paper and pulp industry, preparation of beverages etc. A lipase producing bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri, was isolated from sea water. The bacterial culture was introduced to the physical and chemical mutagens and then allowed to grow on the solid media. A number of mutated clones were produced which were further followed by examining their lipase activity. There was a significant increase in the extracellular lipase activity i.e. 13, 56 and 14 folds increase in the case of UV mutation, sodium azide, and NTG respectively. Further, the mutants were subcultured and stability was observed in NTG mutants. The lipase production from the NTG mutants was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The maximum lipase activity of 1132.6 U/ml was obtained which was about 7 folds higher than the parent strain using the process which utilized the residual coconut cake, a byprtoduct of coconut oil industries and the sea water which makes the process sustainable. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-33737-7