Faculty Publications
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Item Combating corrosion degradation of turbine materials using HVOF sprayed 25% (Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)) + NiCrAlY coating(2013) Jegadeeswaran, N.; Ramesh, M.R.; Bhat, K.High velocity oxy fuel process (HVOF) is an advanced coating process for thermal spraying of coatings on to components used in turbines. HVOF process is a thermal spray coating method and is widely used to apply wear, erosion, and corrosion protective coatings to the components used in industrial turbines. 25% (Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)) + NiCrAlY based coatings have been sprayed on to three turbine materials, namely, Ti-31, Superco-605, and MDN-121. Coated and uncoated substrates were subjected to hot corrosion study under cyclic conditions. Each cycle consisted of 1 hour heating at 800°C followed by 20 minutes air cooling. Gravimetric measurements were done after each cycle and a plot of weight gain as a function of number of cycles is drawn. Parabolic rate constants were estimated for the understanding of corrosion behaviour. It was observed that coated Ti-31 and MDN-121 were more resistant compared to the uncoated ones. Uncoated superco-605 was undergoing sputtering during corrosion study and hence comparison between coated and uncoated superco-605 was difficult. The cross-sectional analysis of the corroded, coated samples indicated the presence of a thin layer of chromium oxide scale on the top of the coating and it imparted better corrosion resistance. Parabolic rate constants also indicated that coating is more beneficial to Ti-31 than to MDN-121. © 2013 N. Jegadeeswaran et al.Item High temperature corrosion behaviour of HVOF sprayed WC-CrC-Ni coatings(Inderscience Publishers, 2016) Somasundaram, B.; Kadoli, R.; Ramesh, M.R.; RAMESH, C.S.The present work aims to study the hot corrosion resistance of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed WC-CrC-Ni coating developed on three types of boiler tube materials such as SA213-T22, MDN-310 and Superfer 800 H steels. Hot corrosion studies were conducted in a molten salt environment of Na2SO4-60%V2O5 at 700°C and thermogravimetric analysis was used to establish kinetics of corrosion. Corrosion kinetics of coated steels followed nearly parabolic behaviour and showed a lower corrosion rate in comparison to uncoated alloys. It is concluded that corrosion is restricted to the external surface of the coating and the formation of thick scale composed of oxides of Cr, Ni and their spinel oxides, acts as a diffusion barrier to the transportation of corrosive species into the coating. The carbides of tungsten and chromium uphold the strength of the coating. © © 2016 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Item Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of Accumulative Roll Bonded Mg-2%Zn/Al-7075 Multilayered Composite(Springer New York LLC barbara.b.bertram@gsk.com, 2017) Anne, G.; Ramesh, M.R.; Shivananda Nayaka, H.; Arya, S.B.; Sahu, S.Multilayered composite of Mg-2%Zn/Al-7075 was developed by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) of wrought Mg-2%Zn and aluminum 7075 alloy. The Mg-2%Zn/Al-7075 multilayered composite exhibited density of 2295 kg/m3 and an average grain size of 1 and 1.3 ?m in Mg-2%Zn and Al-7075 layers, respectively. A thorough microstructural characterization was performed on the composites by scanning electron microscope, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscope and phase analysis by x-ray diffraction. In addition, mechanical properties were evaluated by microhardness and tensile tests. Corrosion behavior of the multilayered composite was examined using electrochemical polarization test. EBSD analysis showed the presence of ultrafine grains with high-angle grain boundaries. The composite exhibited a significant improvement in ultimate tensile strength (~1.82 times) and elongation (~1.5 times) as compared with Mg-2%Zn alloy, after four-pass ARB process. © 2017, ASM International.Item Cyclic Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behavior of Plasma-Sprayed CoCrAlY + WC-Co Coating on Turbine Alloys(Springer New York LLC barbara.b.bertram@gsk.com, 2018) Nithin, H.S.; Vijay, D.; Ramesh, M.R.Components in energy-producing systems suffer a variety of degradation processes such as oxidation and molten salt-induced corrosion as a consequence of complex multi-component gaseous environment. Coatings provide a composition that will grow the protective scale at high temperatures having long-term stability. Plasma spraying was used to deposit CoCrAlY + WC-Co composite coatings on turbine alloys of Hastelloy X and AISI 321. The thermocyclic oxidation behavior of coated alloys was investigated in static air and in molten salt (Na2SO4-60%V2O5) environment at 700 °C. The thermogravimetric technique was used to approximate the kinetics of oxidation in 50 cycles, each cycle consisting of heating and cooling. X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDAX techniques are used to characterize the oxide scale formed. Coated alloys showed a lower corrosion rate as compared to uncoated alloys. The coatings subjected to oxidation and hot corrosion showed slow scale growth kinetics. Preferential oxidation of Co, Cr, W and its spinel blocks the transport of oxygen and corrosive species into the coating by providing a barrier, thereby making the oxidation rate to reach steady state. As compared to the substrate alloys, coatings show better hot corrosion resistance. © 2018, ASM International.Item Effect of zinc and rare-earth element addition on mechanical, corrosion, and biological properties of magnesium(Cambridge University Press, 2018) Kottuparambil, R.R.; Bontha, S.; Ramesh, M.R.; Arya, S.; Jana, A.; Das, M.; Balla, V.K.; Amrithalingam, S.; Prabhu, T.R.The present work aims to understand the effect of zinc and rare-earth element addition (i.e., 2 wt% Gd, 2 wt% Dy, and 2 wt% of Gd and Nd individually) on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, in vitro corrosion behavior, and cytotoxicity of Mg for biomedical application. The microstructure results indicate that the Mg-Zn-Gd alloy consists of the lamellar long period stacking ordered phase. The electrochemical and immersion corrosion behavior were studied in Hanks balanced salt solution. Enhanced corrosion resistance with reduced hydrogen evolution volume and magnesium (Mg2+) ion release were estimated for the Mg-Zn-Gd alloy as compared to the other two alloy systems. At the early stage of corrosion, formation of the oxide film inhibited the corrosion propagation. However, at the later stages, the breaking of the oxide film leads to shallow pitting mode of corrosion. The ultimate tensile strength of Mg-Zn-Gd-Nd is better than the other two alloys due to the uniform distribution of the Mg12Nd precipitate phase. The moderate strength in the Mg-Zn-Gd alloy is due to the low volume fraction of the secondary phase. The MTT (methylthiazoldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay study was carried out to understand the cell cytotoxicity on the alloy surfaces. Studies revealed that all three alloys had significant cellular adherence and no adverse effect on cells. © 2018 Materials Research Society.Item Laser surface modification of Mg-Zn-Gd alloy: Microstructural, wettability and in vitro degradation aspects(Institute of Physics Publishing helen.craven@iop.org, 2018) Rakesh, K.R.; Bontha, S.; Ramesh, M.R.; Arya, S.; Das, M.; Balla, V.K.; Srinivasan, A.Mg-Zn-Gd have great potential for biomedical applications owing to excellent bioactivity and non-toxicity properties. In the present study, laser surface melting (LSM) was carried out on newly developed Mg-1Zn -2Gd (wt%) alloy. Effects of laser energy on microstructural evolution, corrosion properties, surface energy, and hardness have been investigated. The surface modified sample processed at different energy densities showed fine grain structure in the melt zone compared to the untreated substrate. Grain refinement in the laser melted region improved the hardness by 60%. The surface roughness was found to be increased with increasing laser energy density. At higher energy density, removal of materials from the surface is enhanced, resulting in deeper grooves and higher surface roughness. The wettability studies indicated that the variations in surface geometry, grain size and surface roughness of LSM samples strongly influence the surface energy and hydrophilicity. Improved wetting of LSM sample was achieved owing to grain refinement and low surface roughness. The corrosion resistance determined by immersion and electrochemical methods of laser melted sample in Hank's balanced salt solution improved considerably due to grain refinement, meltpool depth and uniform distribution of secondary phases. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.Item Influence of Multidirectional Forging on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Corrosion Behavior of Mg-Zn Alloy(Springer New York LLC barbara.b.bertram@gsk.com, 2019) Ramesh, S.; Anne, G.; Shivananda Nayaka, H.S.; Sahu, S.; Ramesh, M.R.Multidirectional forging (MDF) was applied to Mg-6%Zn alloy up to 5 passes successfully at 280 °C. MDF-processed materials were characterized using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and x-ray diffraction. Obtained results showed a significant reduction in grain size (up to 3.8 ?m) having a large fraction of high-angle grain boundaries after 5 passes of MDF process. Maximum tensile strength of 230 MPa was achieved for 5-pass MDF-processed Mg-6%Zn alloy which is about ~ 2.0 times higher in comparison with that of homogenized alloy (117 MPa) and was attributed to higher dislocations density and grain refinement. Corrosion behavior of the alloy was investigated in 0.1 M NaCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectra analysis, and immersion tests. It was found that the corrosion rate of 5-pass MDF sample improved (0.34 mm/year) ~2.5 times in comparison with that of homogenized Mg-6%Zn alloy (0.86 mm/year) due to fine grain structure, which creates more grain boundaries that act as a corrosion barrier. © 2019, ASM International.Item Hot corrosion behaviour of HVOF sprayed Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coatings in presence of Na2SO4-40%V2O5 at 650 °c(IOP Publishing Ltd custserv@iop.org, 2019) Reddy, N.C.; Koppad, P.G.; Reddappa, H.N.; Ramesh, M.R.; Babu, E.R.; Varol, T.Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coatings were deposited on gas turbine based ASTM B265 titanium (Ti-15) and AISI 420 stainless steel (MDN-420) substrate materials using HVOF technique. Thermocyclic hot corrosion tests were carried out at 650 °C in molten salt environment of Na2SO4-40%V2O5 for about 50 cycles. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to study the hot corrosion kinetics of uncoated and coated titanium and stainless steel substrates. The weight gain per unit area showed that the coated substrate materials displayed better resistance to hot corrosion when compared with that of uncoated substrate materials. The surface morphology of uncoated and coated substrate materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The formation of different types of oxides and compounds were analysed using x-ray diffraction. The uncoated substrates surface showed microspalling at several regions while coated substrates surface were composed of protective oxide layers. The presence of ternary NiCr2O4 protective oxides on the surface of Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coated substrates leads to reduction in the diffusion of corrosive species inside the coating. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.Item Tailoring surface characteristics of bioabsorbable Mg-Zn-Dy alloy using friction stir processing for improved wettability and degradation behavior(Elsevier Editora Ltda, 2021) Rokkala, U.; Bontha, S.; Ramesh, M.R.; Balla, V.K.; Srinivasan, A.; Kailas, S.V.Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are currently under consideration for use as temporary implants. However, early degradation and maintaining mechanical integrity is a significant concern. Surface modification techniques are used to improve mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg based alloys. In the present study, friction stir processing (FSP) was used to tailor the surface characteristics of Mg-1Zn-2Dy (wt.%) alloy for temporary implant applications. The FSPed alloy was characterized using EBSD to understand the influence of FSP on crystallographic texture, grain size and grain boundaries and thereby their effect on corrosion, wettability and hardness. Results showed that the grain size of stir zone (SZ) was refined to less than 3 ?m, as a result of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) during FSP and the FSPed alloy exhibited better wettability than as-cast alloy. An increase in the hardness (11.7%) and elastic modulus (6.84%) of FSPed alloy were also observed. Electrochemical corrosion and weight loss methods were conducted in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) physiological solution. The lower degradation rate (0.72 mm/yr) of FSPed alloy has been attributed to the fine grains and evenly distributed secondary phase particles. Further, the influence of grain boundary characteristics and crystallographic texture on the corrosion behavior have been investigated. © 2021 The Author(s).Item Microstructural Characterization and Hot Corrosion Behavior of Plasma-Sprayed Fe17Cr2Ni0.18C/Fly Ash Cenosphere-Based Composite Coating(SAE International, 2021) Hanumanthlal, S.; Siddaraju, C.; Ramesh, M.R.; Thirtha Prasada, H.P.; Somasunder, B.; Virupakshappa, L.The current investigation studies the microstructure and high-temperature hot corrosion behavior of plasma-sprayed coatings. The composition of Fe17Cr2Ni0.18C and fly ash cenosphere powder is maintained in the 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% ratio by weight percent, respectively. Both powder mixtures were thoroughly blended correspondingly and coated on T22 boiler steel tubings. Thermocyclic hot corrosion studies were examined in a liquid salt condition of Na2SO4 - 60% V2O5 for 17 cycles of 51 h at 600°C on bare and coated steels. Thermogravimetric practice was used to establish the kinetics of hot corrosion of uncoated and coated steels. As-coated samples are studied for microstructure and microhardness. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray mapping characterization techniques have been utilized for structural analysis of the as-coated and hot-corroded samples. It was observed that FeCrNiC/cenosphere-coated steels showed better hot corrosion resistance than the uncoated steels. The coated steels follow the parabolic rate law of oxidation, and parabolic rate constant values are lower in comparison to the uncoated steels. Better resistance is provided by the high-temperature permanence of mullite, alumina, and defensive oxide layer of silicon that is formed at elevated temperatures. ©