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Item Mine Waste Utilization(CRC Press, 2022) Ram Chandar, R.C.; Gayana, B.C.; Shubhananda Rao, P.This book is a comprehensive work on utilization of overburden waste, ash, tailings, and other processed waste produced by mining industry. It details various laboratory tests to identify the suitability of mine waste. It explains varied usage of different types of mine waste as in concrete pavements, bricks and to enhance fertile characteristics of waste lands. Various physico-mechanical properties of mine waste material and their optimum percentage for replacement with sand and coarse aggregate along with additives for optimum strength of concrete / bricks are discussed. Key features: Covers the technical approach in terms of testing and characterizing mine waste Focusses on effective use of mining waste to make sustainable and ecofriendly mining Presents analysis of physical properties of iron ore waste and their usage Describes testing methods for each type of mine waste and its physical property characterization for every application Includes detailed study to use iron ore waste and tailings in concrete pavements This book is aimed at researchers, professionals and graduate students in mining, geotechnical, and civil engineering. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Utilization of Iron Ore Tailings in Bricks(CRC Press, 2022) Shubhananda Rao, P.; Ram Chandar, R.C.Brick is the most basic artefact and plays a very important role in the construction of buildings. The construction industry is in need of easily available, economically feasible and green materials, as there is a scarcity of naturally available river sand. Use of iron ore tailings (IOT) is found to be very beneficial, and the addition of perlite as an admixture to improve its thermal properties is given scope for the development of non-fired thermal efficient bricks. Bricks were made using different proportions, by replacing sand with IOT from 30% to 60% at 10% interval, cement from 10% to 20% at 5% interval and Perlite at 2% and 5% of 230 mm x 112.5 mm x 75 mm dimensions. Based on laboratory experiments, the optimum percentage of mix to make bricks consisting of IOT, sand, cement and perlite was found to be 50%, 25%, 20% and 5%, respectively. Based on the positive laboratory results, further a pilot-scale study was taken up with IOT-perlite bricks. Two model rooms, one with IOT-perlite bricks and the other with conventional bricks were constructed to assess the effectiveness of thermal conductivity. The study proved that eco-friendly bricks by using IOT will have lower thermal conductivity, better strength and will be lightweight in structure. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Introduction(CRC Press, 2022) Ram Chandar, R.C.This chapter gives brief introduction about the chosen topic of the book: Importance of handling waste in an environmentally friendly manner or utilization of waste for different purposes; types of waste; problems with waste dumps; and various uses of mine waste. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Utilization of Coal Mine Waste in Vegetation(CRC Press, 2022) Chaitanya, V.; Ram Chandar, R.C.The overburden (OB) removed to access the coal deposits is being dumped in the form of OB dumps. Once it reaches the permissible height, the dumps will be vegetated in order to increase the green cover of the area as well as to stabilize the dumps. In this regard, a systematic research study is taken up by adding different additives to coal mine waste, such as fly ash and specific species are planted to assess the growth of different plants. It was found that plants have grown to more height in sewage waste mixed with OB up to 50%. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Utilization of Coal Mine Waste in Concrete(CRC Press, 2022) Vanakuri, S.; Ram Chandar, R.C.This research study focuses on utilizing sandstone, which is overburden waste rock in coal mines, for use in concrete as a replacement of fine aggregate. Physical properties of sandstone like water absorption, moisture content, fineness modulus, etc., were found to be similar to conventional fine aggregate. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was carried out for analysing elemental composition of sandstone. There was no sulphur content in sandstone which is a good sign to carry the replacement. Fine aggregate was replaced with sandstone at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume, and moulds of concrete cubes and cylinders were prepared. Compressive strength of concrete cubes was tested after 3, 7 and 28 days, and split tensile and flexural strength was determined after 28 days. The strength was found to be increasing marginally with increase in sandstone content. Fine aggregate that was replaced by 100% sandstone gave highest strength among all the replacements for the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths. Though increase in strength was marginal, still sandstone can be an effective replacement for sand in order to save the natural resources and utilize the waste sandstone. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Utilization of Laterite Waste in Concrete(CRC Press, 2022) Manjunath, B.; Ram Chandar, R.C.Laterite is one of the major quarrying activities in giving construction material the form of laterite bricks. In this process, large quantity of waste is being produced causing environmental problems; the waste causes reddishness of land and the water also looks reddish in colour once laterite comes in contact with water. So, it’s better to use such waste for some useful purpose like replacing fine or coarse aggregates in concrete. Such systematic research is presented in this chapter explaining the various uses of laterite waste, optimum percentage use of it in concrete keeping under different strength conditions. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Iron Ore Mine Waste and Tailings as Aggregates in Concrete(CRC Press, 2022) Gayana, B.C.; Ram Chandar, R.C.As large quantity of iron ore is being produced around the world, accordingly large quantity of overburden waste and tailings are produced which needs to be disposed in an environmental friendly manner. Utilization of such waste and tailings in concrete as a building material is beneficial for mining industry as well as construction industry. This chapter presents a systematic research study carried out to investigate the potential use of iron ore waste rock (WR) and iron ore tailings (IOT) as coarse and fine aggregates in concrete. Two different mixes were considered, one set of concrete mixes with WR as coarse aggregates and other set of concrete mixes with IOT as fine aggregates were replaced partially by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% with varying water-cement (w/c) ratio for each composition by 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 and tested for 3, 7 and 28 curing days. Around 162 cubes, 54 cylinders and 54 beams were casted for each mix composition and tested for their strength properties. Optimum strength was obtained at 40%, 30% and 20% replacement of WR in concrete at 28 days cured specimen for 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 w/c, respectively. Similarly, optimum percentage of IOT for 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 w/c is 30%, 20% and 10%, respectively for 28 days cured specimens. Concrete mix with IOT was workable with higher w/c compared to 0.35 and 0.40 w/c; this is due to the high specific gravity of IOT. In case of WR concrete, workability was found to satisfy the design criteria. Flexural strength observed for IOT and WR concrete mixes ranged between 4.50 and 5.10 MPa. Similar trend was observed in case of compressive and splitting tensile strength. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Utilization of Mine Waste(CRC Press, 2022) Ram Chandar, R.C.An efficient disposal or utilization of mine waste and tailings is essential to reduce the impact on environment. There are wide range of applications for mine waste and tailings in civil, mining, agriculture and infrastructure projects. This chapter tries to consolidate the important applications of mine waste and tailings in various applications with some new thoughts. Utilization of mine waste and tailings in bricks, concrete, etc., are discussed. Other relative new technologies like soil stabilization using mine tailings, alteration of thermal conductivity of soil, leakage prevention through geomembranes using mine tailings and water balance covers using mine tailings and waste rock are also discussed in this chapter. © 2022 Ram Chandar Karra, Gayana B.C and Shubhananda Rao P.Item Experimental investigations on performance of concrete incorporating precious slag balls (PS Balls) as fine aggregates(Techno Press technop2@chollian.net, 2019) Sharath, S.; Gayana, G.B.; Reddy, K.R.; Ram Chandar, R.C.Substitution of natural fine aggregates with industrial by-products like precious slag balls (PS Balls) offers various advantages like technical, economic and environmental which are very important in the present era of sustainability in construction industry. PS balls are manufactured by subjecting steel slag to slag atomizing Technology (SAT) which imparts them the desirable characteristics of fine aggregates. The main objective of this research paper is to assess the feasibility of producing good quality concrete by using PS balls, to identify the potential benefits by their incorporation and to provide solution for increasing their utilization in concrete applications. The study investigates the effect of PS balls as partial replacement of fine aggregates in various percentages (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. The optimum mix was found to be at 40% replacement of PS balls with maximum strength of 62.89 MPa at 28 days curing. Permeability of concrete was performed and it resulted in a more durable concrete with replacement of PS balls at 40% and 100% as fine aggregates. These two specific values were considered as optimum replacement is 40% and also the maximum possible replacement is 100%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done and it was found that the PS balls in concrete were unaffected and with optimum percentage of PS balls as fine aggregates in concrete resulted in good strength and less cracks. Hence, it is possible to produce good workable concrete with low water to cement ratio and higher strength concrete by incorporating PS balls. © 2019 Techno-Press, Ltd.Item Experimental and Statistical Evaluations of Strength Properties of Concrete with Iron Ore Tailings as Fine Aggregate(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org 1801 Alexander Bell DriveGEO Reston VA 20191 Alabama, 2020) Gayana, G.B.; Ram Chandar, R.C.Iron ore tailings (IOT) are the by-products of iron ore beneficiation, and these tailings are disposed of in several tons annually in quarries, landfills, and tailings dams, causing environmental issues. Various researchers have attempted to study the properties of IOT and the use of them in concrete as a building material. The present research aims to investigate the potential use of alccofine, a microfine particle of slag, as a cement replacement and IOT as fine aggregates in concrete. Experimental results indicated that the concrete workability decreased with an increase in the IOT-alccofine content and the maximum compressive strength (CS) obtained was 70.00, 68.67, and 65 MPa respectively at 40%, 30%, and 20% IOT-alccofine dosage for varying water-to-cement (w/c) ratios of 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 respectively. Similarly, the flexural strength (FS) and splitting tensile strength (STS) increased with an increase in IOT-alccofine content. A statistically fitted multiple regression analysis was performed for all the mechanical properties to evaluate the significant level of concrete containing alccofine and IOT in concrete. These prediction models have high accuracy and low bias and the validation process represented that the equations can perform excellently in predicting the IOT-alccofine concrete properties. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.