Faculty Publications
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Item A Bottom-Up Optimization Approach for Friction Stir Welding Parameters of Dissimilar AA2024-T351 and AA7075-T651 Alloys(Springer New York LLC barbara.b.bertram@gsk.com, 2017) Anil Kumar, K.S.; Murigendrappa, S.M.; Kumar, H.In the present study, optimum friction stir weld parameters such as plunge depth, tool rotation speed and traverse speed for butt weld of dissimilar aluminum alloy plates, typically 2024-T351 and 7075-T651, are investigated using a bottom-up approach. In the approach, optimum FSW parameters are achieved by varying any one parameter for every trial while remaining parameters are kept constant. The specimens are extracted from the friction stir-welded plates for studying the tensile, hardness and microstructure properties. Optimum friction stir weld individual parameters are selected based on the highest ultimate tensile strength of the friction stir-welded butt joint specimens produced by varying in each case one parameter and keeping the other two constant. The microstructure samples were investigated for presence of defects, grain refinement at the weld nugget (WN), bonding between the two materials and interface of WN, TMAZ (thermomechanically affected zone) of both advancing and retreating sides of the dissimilar joints using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. In the experimental investigations, the optimum FSW parameters such as plunge depth, 6.2 mm, rotation speed, 650 rpm and traverse speed of 150 mm/min result in ultimate tensile strength, 435 MPa, yield strength, 290 MPa, weld joint efficiency, 92% and maximum elongation, 13%. The microstructure of optimized sample in the WN region revealed alternate lamellae material flow pattern with better metallurgical properties, defect free and very fine equiaxed grain size of about 3-5 µm. © 2017, ASM International.Item Influence of Gd on the microstructure, mechanical and shape memory properties of Cu-Al-Be polycrystalline shape memory alloy(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Bala Narasimha, B.N.; Murigendrappa, S.M.In the present study, the influence of rare earth element gadolinium (Gd) on Cu-Al-Be polycrystalline shape memory alloy has been investigated. Cu 88.13 Al 11.42 Be 0.45 ternary alloy with addition of Gd from 0.05 to 0.15 wt% has been used for investigation. The tests have been carried out for microstructure, morphology, ductility, phases, crystal structure, phase transformation temperatures and shape recovery ratio. Refinement of the grain size resulted as gadolinium increased from 0 to 0.08 wt%, the grain size decreases from 463.45 to 81.80 µm with reduction of 82.34%. The tensile strength has increased from 398.93 to 581.42 MPa with improvement in the ductility from 10.05% to 23.72% at 0.08 wt% gadolinium. The phase transformation temperatures increases as gadolinium increases and reduction in shape recovery ratio from 97% to 65%. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.Item Experimental investigation on effects of varying volume fractions of SiC nanoparticle reinforcement on microstructure and mechanical properties in friction-stir-welded dissimilar joints of AA2024-T351 and AA7075-T651(Cambridge University Press, 2019) Anil Kumar, K.S.; Murigendrappa, S.M.; Kumar, H.Effects of varying volume fractions of SiC nanoparticle (SiC NP ) reinforcement on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar AA2024-T351 and AA7075-T651 joints by friction stir welding (FSW) have been investigated experimentally. A rectangular section edge groove was prepared at the adjoining surfaces of the two plates with the butt configuration before FSW. Initially, four fractional volumes with 0, 5, 8, and 13% of SiC NP are reinforced into the grooves of width, 0, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 mm and the FSW was performed with the first and second pass to obtain metal matrix nanocomposite (MMNC) at the weld nugget zone (WNZ). The characterization of microstructure specimens was investigated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The FSW joint specimen produced with 5 vol% fraction of SiC NP for second pass processing observes a defect-free, homogeneous distribution of SiC NP with a mean grain size of about 2-3 ?m at the WNZ and weld joints higher in tensile strength, 411 MPa, yield strength, 252 MPa, and percentage elongation, 14.3. The result shows that varying volume fractions (5, 8, 13%) of the SiC NP after the FSW second pass led to significant grain refinement at the WNZ and higher mechanical properties compared with FSW specimens prepared without SiC NP . Higher hardness of 150 Hv was observed in the WNZ for specimen produced with 13 vol% fraction SiC NP . © Materials Research Society 2019.Item Effect of zirconium on the properties of polycrystalline Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Bala Narasimha, G.; Murigendrappa, S.M.This paper presents an investigation of the effect of zirconium on the properties of polycrystalline Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy. Mechanical and shape memory properties have been evaluated by varying the compositions of Zr to Cu88.13-Al11.42-Be0.45 alloy ranging from 0.05 to 0.4 wt% with step 0.1 wt%. The results unveil reduction in the grain size of 89.18% with the improved tensile strength of 667 ± 30 MPa and ductility of 23.95 ± 0.86% and excellent shape recovery ratio of 100% with the addition of Zr up to 0.3 wt%. Increase in transformation temperatures is observed with the addition of Zr. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.Item An investigation on the properties of boron modified Cu–Al–Be polycrystalline shape memory alloys(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Bala Narasimha, G.; Murigendrappa, S.M.Effect of microalloying of boron (B) i.e., 0.02–0.15 wt% and the variation of composition of Al and Be from 11.3 to 11.9 wt% and 0.41–0.44 wt% respectively, has been investigated on the grain refinement and shape memory properties of polycrystalline Cu–Al–Be shape memory alloy. The tests have been carried out for microstructure, morphology, phases, crystal structure, phase transformation temperatures and shape recovery ratio. The investigation results in boron has strong impact on grain refinement with minimal addition, followed by Al and Be. AlB2 acts as heterogeneous nucleation site in grain refinement and it increases with increase in B and Al. Transformation temperatures increases with boron up to 0.08 wt% and then decreases, whereas increase in Al and Be decreases the temperatures. Doping and increasing of boron up to 0.15 wt% exhibits complete shape recovery, whereas Be < 0.42 wt% and Al < 11.8 wt% exhibits poor recovery ratio. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.Item Investigation on Properties of Shape Memory Alloy Wire of Cu-Al-Be Doped with Zirconium(Springer, 2020) Singh, R.K.; Murigendrappa, S.M.; Kattimani, S.Abstract: In this paper, the effect of wire drawing on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and shape memory effect of compositions Cu87.85-Al11.70-Be0.45 (CAB) and Cu87.73-Al11.70-Be0.45-Zr0.12 (CABZ) has been experimentally investigated. The wires with a diameter of 1.33 mm are manufactured from the casted round bars through the rolling and drawing (secondary) process. Investigations are performed on microstructure and phase for both as-cast and wire-drawn SMAs. Further, wire-drawn SMAs are investigated for phase transformation temperatures, hardness, ductility, and shape memory effect. The results show that the average grain size decreased with 73.06% by adding Zr to the CAB alloy. Further, the grain size of CABZ alloy wire decreased with 67.38% in the longitudinal direction and 67.07% in the transverse direction as compared to CAB alloy wire after the secondary process. Improvement of the grain structure in CABZ alloy wire resulted in an enhancement in the hardness of 13.86% in longitudinal and 12.43% in the transverse direction, and tensile strength of 134.58% and ductility of 177.06%. The phase transformation temperatures reduced by the addition of Zr, and better shape recovery is observed in CABZ alloy wire. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2020, ASM International.Item Pseudoelastic Behavior of Boron-Doped ?1 -Type Cu-Al-Be Shape Memory Alloys(Springer, 2021) Kalinga, T.; Murigendrappa, S.M.; Kattimani, S.This paper examines the influence of 0-0.2 wt.%B-doping on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and pseudoelastic behavior of Cu-Al11.5-Be0.57 shape memory alloys (SMAs). This microstructure study reveals that the addition of boron leads to significant grain refinement in ?1-type polycrystalline Cu-Al-Be SMAs. A maximum refinement size of 50 µm was achieved with the addition of 0.15 wt.%B. The fine-grained (Cu-Al11.5-Be0.57)-B0.15 SMA with serrated grain boundaries exhibited the maximum enhancement of ultimate tensile strength, 744.65 ± 29.34 MPa, and ductility of 21.93 ± 0.56%. The fracture morphology revealed the transformation of intergranular to transgranular fracture in the SMAs with boron-doping. Maximum pseudoelasticity of 4% was achieved in the SMA with 0.15 wt.%B and suits as a damper in seismic applications. © 2021, ASM International.Item An experimental evaluation of the microstructure, mechanical and functional fatigue properties of the boron-doped Cu-Al-Be SMA wires(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Singh, R.K.; Biswas, P.; Murigendrappa, S.M.; Kattimani, S.An experimental evaluation of the microstructure, mechanical and functional fatigue properties of the Cu-11.70Al-0.45Be doped with Bx (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.12, and 0.14 wt%) SMA wires has been carried out. The experiments were performed to investigate microstructure, phase/precipitates, and transformation temperatures for both as-cast and wire samples. Furthermore, tensile properties, shape recovery ratio, and functional fatigue evaluation have also been carried out for the wire samples. The investigation shows that the addition of the minor amount of boron and secondary processes involved during the specimen preparation induced excellent grain refinement. The addition of boron decreased transformation temperatures; however, there was not a considerable change observed due to the secondary process. It was observed that tensile properties increases with the boron addition, and complete shape recovery was observed for all the selected alloys. Finally, functional fatigue tests were conducted under constant stress condition and observed that the number of cycles until the failure has increased and more distance recovery was achieved with an increase in boron doping. © 2021Item Effect of Cerium and Aluminium on the phase stability and properties of polycrystalline Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloys(Elsevier Inc., 2022) Bala Narasimha, G.; Murigendrappa, S.M.This study presents the outcomes of an investigation of the effect of wt% of cerium and Aluminium on the phases, crystal structure, microstructure, morphology, phase transformation temperatures, shape recovery ratio and mechanical properties of the polycrystalline Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloys (SMAs). SMAs exhibit martensite phase at room temperature up to 0.49 wt% of Be and ≥ 0.52 wt% of Be transforms to austenite phase. An increase in cerium by 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 wt% decreases the grain size by 0, 70.87%, 82.73%, 83.8% and 94.6%, respectively. An increase in cerium increases the transformation temperatures owing to the Al-rich secondary precipitates, and the shape recovery ratio reduces. Alloying cerium of 0.1 wt% exhibits a maximum tensile strength of 474 ± 23 MPa with the ductility of 24.11 ± 1.42%. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.Item Role of alloying additions on phase transformations, mechanical and pseudoelastic behavior of Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloys(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Kalinga, T.; Bala Narasimha, G.; Murigendrappa, S.M.; Kattimani, S.In this study, the influence of alloying additions on phase transformations, microstructure, transformation temperatures, mechanical properties, and pseudoelastic behavior of polycrystalline Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy has been investigated. Four different SMAs were prepared in the range of 11.0–11.8 wt.% of aluminum and 0.5–0.6 wt.% of beryllium. Results reveal that the alloying of Al ≥ 11.5 wt.% and Be ≥ 0.57 wt.% forms austenite β1(DO3) at room temperature. An increase in both aluminum and beryllium decreases the transformation temperatures, and Cu-11.5Al-0.57Be SMA exhibits smaller energy differences (ΔH) between austenite and martensite. Alloying aluminum and beryllium didn't exhibit significant improvement in mechanical properties due to the existence of coarse grains. Maximum pseudoelasticity of 4% was achieved in Cu-11.5Al-0.57Be SMA with a retained strain of 0.192%. © 2021