Faculty Publications
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Item Aerobic sludge granulation and enhanced dicamba removal efficiency in the presence of AQS redox mediator in a lab-scale anaerobic-aerobic treatment method(Elsevier, 2021) Basappa, M.G.; Manu, B.The biodegrading of dicamba was conducted using the anaerobic-aerobic technique for influent concentrations 60-100 mg/L over 187 days of operation. The reactors were stabilized using starch and acclimated to 40 mg/L of dicamba. Dicamba and starch was fed to the anaerobic reactor. Effluent was collected after a hydraulic retention time of 24 h and analyzed in gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect the biotransformation products. High concentration of benzoates, esters, and fatty acid groups were detected in the anaerobic reactor. Effluent of anaerobic reactor contained high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration 400-750 mg/L, which was then fed to the aerobic reactor. After aerobic posttreatment, the overall dicamba and COD removal obtained were >85 and 92% respectively. The aerobic reactor developed a thick granular biomass of up to 7 mm in size, which indicates the bacterial adaptation and hence attainment of stable reactor performance. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item Fenton’s and Hybrid Oxidation Treatment of 3,5-Dichloroaniline in Water(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Manu, B.; Rakhi, M.P.3,5-Dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) is an intermediate compound in manufacturing fungicide and pharmaceutical compounds. It can also be used for synthetic herbicides, plant growth regulators and is used to produce other chemicals. The chemical structure of 3,5-DCA is shown in Fig. 16.1 and is highly toxic to aquatic life. © Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India 2022.Item Anaerobic co-digestion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with starch followed by aerobic post-treatment and identification of dominant bacteria(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Mahesh, G.B.; Manu, B.This study was conducted to investigate the new method comprising of sequential anaerobic followed by aerobic batch reactor treatment for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The various parameters influencing on the anaerobic digestion like pH, temperature, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) have been monitored during the 60 days study period. pH range of 6.5–7.2, temperature greater than 31.4 °C and ORP values between −250 and −300 mV have reported better reactor performance with high 2,4-D removal and biogas production. The complete biotransformation of 2,4-D in the anaerobic reactor is indicated by disappearance of intensity peak in the high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) report, high biogas production of 12–18% than control and COD removal efficiency of 99%. Dominant bacterial community in the sludge was identified using SEM images. The results of this study indicate that anaerobic reactor and aerobic post-treatment method can make the treatment highly efficient. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021.Item Green Synthesis of Bioleached Flyash Iron Nanoparticles (GBFFeNP) Using Azadirachta Indica Leaves and Its Application as Fenton’s Catalyst in the Degradation of Dicamba(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Bhaskar, S.; Manu, B.; Sreenivasa, M.Y.Fly ash made its suitable application in the waste management and remediation application. This article presents the synthesis of nanoiron particles using bioleached fly ash iron and its application as Fenton’s catalyst in the degradation of an herbicide dicamba. Novel isolated bacterial strain Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans BMSNITK (MG 271,840) was used to recover iron from fly ash and green synthesis of fly ash iron nanoparticles was successfully carried out using Azadirachta indica. Synthesized iron nanoparticles were characterized with X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy and the catalytic role of bioleached fly ash nanoparticles was evaluated based on the degradation of target pollutant. Hydrogen peroxide and COD were considered as the indicating factors for tracing the reaction progress and degradation resulting 97.81% of dicamba degradation within 90 min. Study confirms the green synthesis of bioleached fly ash iron nanoparticle and its application in Fenton’s oxidation. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Performance Evaluation of Copper and German Silver Electrodes During Electrochemical Oxidation of Ametryn in Water(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Manu, B.; Sangami, S.; Gritlahre, V.; Malviya, Y.The comparative electrocoagulation treatment was studied for the degradation and mineralization of ametryn in water using copper (CE) and German silver (GE) electrodes both in batch and continuous modes of operation. The operating variables such as the number of electrodes (2, 4), voltage (6, 12 V), current density (4–15 A/m2), initial concentration of ametryn (15, 20, 25 ppm), reaction time (0–120 min) and flow rate (0.5, 1, 1.5 Lph) were varied without changing the actual pH of the aqueous solution. The maximum removal of 80–85% of ametryn was achieved with a combination of 2 electrodes, 6 V, 1 Lph of flow rate and 80 min of reaction time. The copper electrode shows better performance than German silver electrodes, with less power consumption. The removal efficiency was decreased with increasing the initial concentration of ametryn and pH was gradually increased from 7–9.5. As the reaction proceeds, the pH was slowly increased in GE electrodes (7–9.6), which is more than in CE electrodes (7.8.6). The overall results revealed that CE and GE electrodes proved to be an alternative for other electrodes such as aluminum, iron and platinum. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Toxicity Analysis of Treated Paint Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Process Using Bacterial Growth Inhibition and Seed Germination Test(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Nair K, K.S.; Manu, B.; Azhoni, A.Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are increasingly being adopted for treatment of industrial wastewaters for eliminating organic elements. Although the reduction in chemical oxidation generally reduces toxicity, high efficiency of organic component breakdown does not always result in a drop in toxicity to a tolerable level. Hence, toxicity reduction studies for industrial effluent are required. However, it is difficult to carry out toxicity studies with higher vertebrates due to ethical and logistical constraints. Therefore, proxy tests, such as the use of indicator bacteria, have the potential to provide insights for toxicological studies of (treated) wastewater. Having reviewed various methods and indicators adopted for toxicity analysis of AOP treated wastewater, the toxicity of treated paint wastewater was studied by bacterial growth inhibition test using Bacillus subtilis and seed germination test using mung bean (Vigna radiata) and Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum). The results showed that the treated wastewater is completely toxic free for the growth of indicator bacteria. This indicates that the heterogeneous Fenton’s oxidation using laterite as catalyst is an effective AOP in reducing the toxicity of paint wastewater. The finding reported in this research is significant because it proves laterite soil, which is abundantly available in tropical regions, to be an efficient catalyst for Fenton’s Oxidation treatment of paint wastewater which opens up further scope for treatment of other similar industrial effluents in tropical regions. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.Item Sustainable treatment of paint industry wastewater: Current techniques and challenges(Academic Press, 2021) Nair K, S.; Manu, B.; Azhoni, A.Paint manufacturing industries produce wastewater containing high chemical oxygen demand and turbidity, besides organic matter, suspended solids, and heavy metals that cause enormous environmental damages. Safely treating this wastewater before being disposed to the natural water sources is essential for attaining the UN SDGs, particularly Goal 14: Life under water. Besides being efficient, wastewater treatment techniques must be sustainable – environmentally, economically, and ethically. While a few papers have reviewed specific treatment methods for certain pollutants, such as heavy metals, oils, and azo dyes from industrial wastewater, a comprehensive review of various treatment methods for all the pollutants of a particular industrial wastewater – paint industry – is lacking. This paper reviews the current treatment methods used for treating paint industry wastewater including the physicochemical, biological, and chemical treatment techniques. The physicochemical techniques produce large amount of sludge making it difficult for disposal while biological treatment techniques are difficult to maintain because of the uncertainties in the chemical compositions of the paint wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes are emerging as preferred methods among the chemical methods for reducing the toxicity of the various components of the paint wastewater with reduced sludge quantity. The review of various emerging techniques of paint industry wastewater treatments in this paper points to the need for paying greater attention to combining the oxidation and biological processes as they are emerging as sustainable methods for effective reduction of toxicity in paint wastewater while also reducing the sludge management challenges. © 2021 Elsevier LtdItem Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solution by Fenton Oxidation and photo-Fenton Oxidation processes using iron from Laterite soil as catalyst(2011) Manu, B.; MahamoodFor the treatment of paracetamol in water, the photo-Fenton Oxidation process and Classic Fenton oxidation process have been demonstrated and found effective. An iron catalyst extracted from lateritic soil is used to exhibit the degradation and mineralization of paracetamol. Paracetamol reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal are measured as the objective functions to be maximized. The experimental conditions of the degradation of paracetamol are optimized by Fenton process. the optimum conditions observed for 10 mg/L initial paracetamol concentration are influent pH 3, initial H 2O 2 dosage 30 mg/L, [paracetamol]/[H 2O 2] ratio 1:3 (w/w) and [H 2O 2] / [Laterite iron] ratio 30:0.75 (w/w). At the optimum conditions, for 10 mg/L of initial paracetamol concentration, 76% paracetamol reduction and 69% COD removal by Fenton oxidation and 79% paracetamol reduction and 77% COD removal by UV-C Fenton process are observed in 120 minutes reaction time. At the above optimum conditions, HPLC analysis has demonstrated 100% removal of paracetamol for Fenton oxidation process in 240 minutes and for UV-C photo- Fenton process in 120 minutes. The methods are effective and they may be used in the paracetamol industry. © 2011 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY.Item Enhanced degradation of paracetamol by UV-C supported photo-Fenton process over Fenton oxidation(2011) Manu, B.; Mahamood, S.For the treatment of paracetamol in water, the UV-C Fenton oxidation process and classic Fenton oxidation have been found to be the most effective. Paracetamol reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal are measured as the objective functions to be maximized. The experimental conditions of the degradation of paracetamol are optimized by the Fenton process. Influent pH 3, initial H 2O 2 dosage 60 mg/L, [H 2O 2]/[Fe 2+] ratio 60 : 1 are the optimum conditions observed for 20 mg/L initial paracetamol concentration. At the optimum conditions, for 20 mg/L of initial paracetamol concentration, 82% paracetamol reduction and 68% COD removal by Fenton oxidation, and 91% paracetamol reduction and 82% COD removal by UV-C Fenton process are observed in a 120 min reaction time. By HPLC analysis, 100% removal of paracetamol is observed at the above optimum conditions for the Fenton process in 240 min and for the UV-C photo-Fenton process in 120 min. The methods are effective and they may be used in the paracetamol industry. © IWA Publishing 2011.Item Reuse of incinerated textile mill sludge as adsorbent for dye removal(Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2015) Jahagirdar, S.S.; Shrihari, S.; Manu, B.Textile industry is one of the largest and oldest industries in India. Textile mill uses large quantities of water for its variety of wet processes, which in turn generates a large amount of waste water. Effluent treatment plants treat textile mill waste water using a variety of chemical coagulants thus producing greater amount sludge. Disposal of sludge is a challenging problem. In this study Textile mill sludge was incinerated at 800°C and used as an adsorbent without any activation. SEM images confirmed that, sludge ash was porous in nature and could be used as an adsorbent. For the entire study, Remazol blue dye was used. Experimental studies were carried out in an acidic pH range, showed good dye removal by using incinerated textile mill sludge ash. Experimental results obtained fitted well in Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. © 2015, Korean Society of Civil Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.