Faculty Publications
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Item Inter-Planetary File System Enabled Blockchain Solution for Securing Healthcare Records(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Marangappanavar, R.K.; Manjappa, M.The sharing of health-related data has become challenging in terms of data security which may lead to compromise patient's privacy. Generally, once the report generated by the health provider is final, it will be uploaded to the hospital's private repository. When it comes to the hospital as an organization, many participants [Doctor, Patient, Researcher, Insurance company] requires the report of patients for one or other reasons. Providing a single platform for all participants to share confidential data securely is a difficult and challenging task. Care should be taken such that the personal data of the patients should not be misused or tampered. Existing methods have been proved insufficient to effectively manage and secure health records. Blockchain technology, a recent research trend, has shown promising results for such secure data sharing. Since the contents of blockchain are tamper-proof, all participants can access the data but cannot change the data. By employing smart contracts and access control programs one can monitor data activity in the blockchain network. In this article, a blockchain architecture has been designed and discussed for secure and easy sharing of patient's Personal Health Report(PHR) among the different players of health organization. Further, Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) has also used in the proposed blockchain architecture for faster retrieval of PHR's. We demonstrate the strengths of our proposed model, its user-centric focus and also the experimental results. © 2020 IEEE.Item ShardCons - A Sharding Based Consensus Algorithm for Blockchain(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Kumar, A.; Sangoi, A.; Raj, S.; Manjappa, M.Blockchain, the foundation of Bitcoin, has received extensive attentions in recent days. Blockchain-based applications are springing up, covering numerous fields including financial services, reputation system, Internet of Things (IoT), Healthcare systems, Supply Chain Management and so on. Blockchain serves as an immutable ledger which allows transactions to be securely accomplished via point-to-point connections in a distributed system without the need for a third-party. Since it is decentralized, consensus algorithms keeps hold the integrity of the transactions which are added in the chain. Consensus algorithms are the primary root of the blockchain technology and a good consensus algorithm can guarantee the fault tolerance and security of the blockchain systems. In this article, authors present a novel consensus algorithm for public blockchain which shards the miners based on their performance. Once the sharding of miners is done, the best miner from each shard is chosen to form a Super shard of miners, and then from Super shard, one miner is randomly chosen as a winner miner who will mine the next block in the blockchain network. For sharding, performance history of miners will be maintained in each miner and re-sharding will be done at regular intervals in order to bring fairness in the system. The proposed sharding based consensus algorithm solves one of the main problem of public blockchain which is scalability issue. This performance based consensus algorithm also ensures more fairness, avoids starvation, improves the trust among the miners and enhances the overall performance of the blockchain network. © 2021 IEEE.Item Scalable blockchain solution for targeted public distribution system (TPDS) in India(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Raghunandan, A.; Priyadarsini, A.; Vaibhav, G.; Manjappa, M.The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in India is essential to supply food grains produced by farmers to the beneficiaries. It provides affordable food grains to the deprived families of India. However, the current TPDS system is plagued by various issues, leakage being the primary one. This work aims to use blockchain technology, one of the cutting edge technologies, to overcome the issue of leakage and make the TPDS a digital, secure, transparent and scalable system. Blockchain provides transparency such that any user can access the system to get an understanding of the quantity of food grains being processed at each stage of the TPDS workflow. The system requires minimal human intervention and would be deployed across all states. This ensures a unified workflow for TPDS across all states and gives a more holistic understanding of how TPDS benefits the deprived families in India. To make the blockchain system scalable, the blockchain network is divided into 'shards', which are independent chains containing their own data separate from others. The proposed TPDS blockchain system was implemented in Hyperledger Fabric and was tested for different use cases. The authors found that the proposed blockchain architecture is responding well to all the use cases considered. © 2021 IEEE.Item PUF-Based Ownership Transfer Using Blockchain(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Cunha, T.B.D.; Manjappa, M.; Singh, V.; Anand, A.Counterfeiting of electronic components in the branded products is one of the most important and difficult issues to deal with in national/international markets along with the trusted ownership transfer of the product. Today we have to trust an individual while buying a product believing that the product is not tampered. But, we do not have any trusted source which can back this claim. This creates a lot of speculation in the market. For a long time RFID tags were used to find the anti counterfeits in the supply chain, but the problem with the RFID tag is that they can be cloned and hence the authenticity of the tags over the network is questionable. Hence, in order to counter this, we are leveraging blockchain technology to build a novel ownership transfer protocol where the ownership transfer mechanism is secured and authenticated using Physically Unclonable Functions (PUF). The genuinity of the product is checked by PUF by using Challenge Response check during the ownership transfer. Further, the ownership transfer history of the particular product is also maintained in the blockchain which helps the buyer to get more details on the product. The proposed blockchain architecture also provides a temporary ownership transfer option for the owners during servicing or leasing. The proposed architecture is implemented in ethereum blockchain platform and tested for its efficiency. The architecture is found to be promising. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.Item Decentralized Authentication and Data Security Scheme for IoMT Devices and Patients Using Blockchain, PUF and IPFS(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Cunha, T.B.D.; Manjappa, M.; Mina, D.; Waykar, S.M.; Naik, K.S.The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a rapidly evolving field and requires strong authentication and data security measures to protect patient privacy and preserve the integrity of medical data. This research focuses on Interplanetary File Systems (IPFS), blockchain, and Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) to propose a decentralized authentication and data security scheme for IoMT devices and patients. Blockchain technology and PUF are combined in the IoMT device authentication process to provide high trust and integrity in device identity. Similarly, patient authentication utilizes the transparent and immutable properties of the blockchain. A secure and auditable framework for patient identity verification and to further improve data access, availability, and flexibility while mitigating the risks associated with centralized storage systems, the project incorporates IPFS as a decentralized storage option for patient data. Through the use of IPFS gateways, patient data is securely dispersed among a network of nodes, reducing the possibility of denied access and single points of failure. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.Item Blockchain based secure Ownership Transfer Protocol for smart objects in the Internet of Things(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Manjappa, M.; Ray, B.; Hassan, J.; Kashyap, A.; Chandrappa, V.Y.Secure digital ownership transfer is critical for smart objects within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. This paper presents the Ownership Transfer Protocol (OTP), which leverages Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) and blockchain technology to ensure the secure transfer of ownership for smart objects in the IoT. The proposed protocol can securely track and trace smart objects during their movement in the IoT supply chain. Unlike the traditional Ownership Transfer (OT) architecture, the proposed architecture does not require a Trusted Third Party (TTP) and can support Partial Ownership Transfer (POT). The innovative use of immutable blockchain architecture enabled the proposed protocol to effectively support distributed environments and authenticate both the device and involved parties. The proposed protocol is evaluated for its robustness against common attacks outlined in this paper and implemented using the Ethereum blockchain. The testbed results on Ethereum confirm the optimal gas consumption of the proposed model. Furthermore, utilizing the security claim verification tool, Scyther, the experiment validates the security claim regarding the communication between the parties involved in the proposed protocol's OT process. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Item Physical unclonable functions and QKD-based authentication scheme for IoT devices using blockchain(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Cunha, T.B.D.; Manjappa, M.; Ranjan, R.; Vasilakos, A.V.As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is increasing exponentially, strong security measures are needed to guard against different types of cyberattacks. This research offers a novel IoT device authentication technique to mitigate these challenges by integrating three cutting-edge technologies namely blockchain technology, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), and Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs). By utilizing the distinctive qualities of PUFs for device identification and the unrivaled security of QKD for key exchange, the proposed approach seeks to address the significant security issues present in IoT environments. Adopting blockchain technology ensures transparency and verifiability of the authentication process across distributed IoT networks by adding an unchangeable, decentralized layer of trust. An examination of the computing and communication costs reveals that the proposed protocol is effective, necessitating low computational resources that are critical for IoT devices with limited resources. The protocol's resistance against a variety of attacks is demonstrated by formal proofs based on the Real-Or-Random (ROR) model and security evaluations using the Scyther tool, ensuring the integrity and secrecy of communications. Various threats are analyzed, and the protocol is proven to be secure and efficient from all forms of attacks. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.