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Item D?sa s?hitya: Some notes on early publications(Equinox Publishing Ltd journals@equinoxpub.com Office 415, The Workstation15 Paternoster Row Sheffield S1 2BX, 2016) Koudur, S.D?sa S?hitya is a literary genre in Kannada, first seen in the latefifteenth century. Making its mark both in literature and in Indian classical music, D?sa S?hitya attracted the attention of missionaries and other colonial functionaries, and was one of the first genres to be edited and published in Kannada in the mid-nineteenth century. Very soon, native editors and publishers started working on the genre. Usually classified under bhakti literature in the literary historiography of Kannada literature, D?sa S?hitya was published by individuals of varying interests. This article makes a survey of some of the early publications of the genre, and notes varying concerns and interests with which they were produced. We refrain from classifying these works as either ‘colonial’ or ‘nationalist’, while noting that the genre and the associated works were inextricably linked to the brahmin community from the days of the early publications, even as this community projected it as part of ‘Kannada’ culture. We also note evidence of cultural opposition to the change from manuscript to print. © Equinox Publishing Ltd 2017.Item Languages, Castes and Hierarchy: Basel Mission in Nineteenth-Century Coastal Karnataka(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd F 35-55, Triveni Commercial Complex.Sheikh Sarai,Phase I New Dehli 110 017, 2020) Koudur, S.In the former South Kanara or south coastal Karnataka region, the presence of overlapping languages, mainly Tulu and Kannada, posed prolonged dilemmas in the nineteenth century for the Basel Mission. The choice of language was important for their evangelical work, supported by important language-related activities such as dictionary making, grammar writing and translations. Since language use was intertwined with caste hierarchy, this raised issues over the position of lower castes, mainly Billavas, for the native elites and upper castes. This article argues that the prioritisation of Kannada, and relegation of Tulu to a secondary position, was an outcome not only of missionary perceptions of the larger Kannada context, but also more importantly can be traced back to elite representations regarding the subaltern Tulu culture and lifeworld. As missionary intervention in education and native language use challenged the status quo of social hierarchy among local communities, this sparked efforts by the native elites to reclaim and restore the earlier hierarchy. In the process, the native elite representations of Tulu language and culture became at the same time an effort at dismissal and appropriation. © 2020 SAGE Publications.