Faculty Publications
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Item Magnetic Coupling Characteristics and Efficiency Analysis of Spiral Magnetic Power Pads for Inductive WPT System(River Publishers, 2022) Kishan, D.The inductive wireless power transfer system (IWPT) for electric vehicle battery charging works based on the principle of mutual induction (MI). The amount of power transfer from source to vehicle battery be contingent on the mutual inductance (MI) within the inductively coupled pads. This mutual inductance depends on the type of the inductive power pads, the distance among them, their positioning etc. This paper develops and study the inductive coupling characteristics of identical spiral circular and square inductive power pads. The coupling characteristics at various misalignments with different vertical distance between the coils is presented. In this work, the inductive power pads without using ferrite bars, and with ferrite bars are considered. The coupling characteristics of the spiral circular and square are computed using FEM simulations and validated with experimental results. This paper also investigated the power loss and efficiency analysis of the spiral inductive pads of the resonant IWPT system. © 2022 River Publishers.Item Soft Switched Current Fed Dual Active Bridge Isolated Bidirectional Series Resonant DC-DC Converter for Energy Storage Applications(MDPI, 2023) Bathala, K.; Kishan, D.; Nagendrappa, H.This paper proposes a high-frequency isolated current-fed dual active bridge bidirectional DC–DC series resonant converter with an inductive filter for energy storage applications, and a steady-state analysis of the converter is carried out. The performance of the proposed converter has been compared with a voltage-fed converter with a capacitive output filter. The proposed converter topology is operated in continuous conduction mode with zero circulation current (ZCC), less current stress and high efficiency. The conditions required for soft switching are determined, and it is found that the converter operates with soft switching of all switches for a wide variation in load and input voltage without loss of duty cycle. Current-fed converters are suitable for low-voltage renewable energy applications because of their inherent boosting capability. An inductive output filter is chosen to make the output current ideal for fast charging and high-power-density battery storage applications. Simple single-phase shift control is used to control the switches. The performance of the converter is studied using PSIM simulation software. These results are confirmed by an experiment on a 135 W converter on an OPAL-RT real-time simulator. The maximum efficiency obtained in simulation is 96.31%. Simulation and theoretical results are given in the comparison table for both forward and reverse modes of operation. A breakdown of the losses of this converter is also presented. © 2022 by the authors.Item An efficient optimization algorithm for electric vehicle routing problem(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Vani, B.V.; Kishan, D.; Ahmad, M.D.W.; Reddy, C.R.P.There has been a steady increase in the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) (electric cars) in the transportation industry. The limited range of EVs and the lack of charging facilities make it harder to gain widespread adoption of the EV service. Several optimisation algorithms for EV routes have not yet resolved the problems of trip time and travel cost. The study provides a Bat optimisation technique to reduce trip time and costs while taking into account customer service requests and EV charging schedules. Taking into account battery capacity, charging duration, and delivery/pickup needs, the suggested method may determine the optimal path to supercharger stations. To demonstrate its effectiveness, it is compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms across a variety of benchmark cases. © 2023 The Authors. IET Power Electronics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology.Item Bat Optimization Model for Electric Vehicle Route Optimization Under Time-of-Use Electricity Pricing(Springer, 2023) Vani, B.; Kishan, D.; Ahmad, M.W.; Naresh Kumar Reddy, B.In the framework of fuel reduction and energy conservation, the electric vehicles (EV’s) has been identified as a promising option in contrast to fuel-driven vehicles. EV’s battery limits to require visiting a greater number of times to the recharging stations, which must be viewed as in the route planning to keep away from inefficient vehicle routes with lengthy diversions. These problems have to consider, we propose an Efficient Electric Vehicle Route Optimization with Time-of-Use Electricity Pricing using Bat algorithm. Which can reduce the used vehicles as well as electricity-cost and total travel distance. Additionally, functional model and collective models are used to minimize the objectives: distance and cost. The computational assessment in light of the notable benchmarking test instances exhibits, proposed optimization algorithm electricity cost conservation on average 12.17% with Learnable Partheno-Genetic Algorithm (Yang et al. in IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6:657–666, 2015) 8.45% with VNS/TS Algorithm (Lin et al. in Trans Res Part-C 130:103285, 2021) and 5.15% with Mixed Integer Programming model (Ham and Park in IEEE Access 9:37220–37228, 2021). © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Item Primary side control strategies for battery charging regulation in wireless power transfer systems for EV applications(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Vinod, M.; Kishan, D.; Kannan, R.; Iqbal, A.; Sulthan, S.Resonant inductive-based wireless power transfer (WPT) for battery charging has potential applications in electric vehicles (EVs). The EV battery charging process requires the regulation of both charging voltage and current. Duty ratio or frequency control is generally preferred to manage the power flow between the transmitter and receiver coils in the WPT system. In the case of WPT charging, misalignment between the coils and parameter variations are unavoidable issues that result in changes to the output power. Therefore, it is essential to control the power flow to maintain constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes during battery charging. To address these challenges, various primary-side control techniques, such as asymmetric clamped mode (ACM), asymmetric duty cycle (ADC), and phase-shift (PS) fixed frequency control strategies, have been proposed for WPT systems. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of these control methods, considering their output voltage ranges and their ability to maintain zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for the entire control range. Furthermore, the paper presents a generalized design for reduced-order small signal modelling, utilizing an extended describing function. The designed controller, based on small signal modelling, will undergo real-time testing to evaluate its dynamic performance in the series-series resonant converter. © 2023 The Authors. IET Power Electronics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology.Item An efficient battery swapping and charging mechanism for electric vehicles using bat algorithm(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Vani, B.V.; Kishan, D.; Ahmad, M.W.; Naresh Kumar Reddy, B.N.K.The recent surge in electric vehicle (EV) adoption has presented various challenges, notably in the charging and discharging processes of EV batteries, each characterized by unique traits. While conventional charging stations remain popular, battery swap stations (BSS) offer a compelling alternative, addressing issues like prolonged waiting times and potential battery degradation from fast charging. BSS, with its extensive array of battery systems, ensures efficient services for EVs. However, meticulous planning for the charging and discharging operations is imperative for both BSS and the overall grid to guarantee optimal functionality. This paper proposes an efficient approach to enhance the efficiency of battery swapping and charging mechanisms (BSCM) for electric vehicles, leveraging the bat algorithm. The BSCM is conceived as a system that incorporates both the battery swapping mechanism (BSM) and the battery charging mechanism (BCM). The key contribution lies in designing an effective BSCM where the BSM functions as a manager, handling battery swapping requests from EV users, while the BCM acts as a supporter, interfacing with the grid to regulate battery charging and discharging power. To efficiently address the mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) inherent in this system, a Bat algorithm is developed. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in efficiently addressing large-scale problems, producing solutions that closely approach optimality. It promptly achieves a substantial reduction in battery swapping energy by 30% and 24%, respectively, and significantly enhances charging station utilization by 25% and 21% compared to the LSTM-Based Rolling Horizon Approach and Bilevel Optimization Approach. Additionally, the algorithm showcases remarkable improvements in battery swapping performance, boasting a 25% and 19% enhancement, and noteworthy increases in charging station utilization by 20% and 17% compared to the aforementioned approaches. This enhancement in the energy exchange with grid and regulation contributes to the overall efficiency and sustainability of electric vehicle operations. © 2024 Elsevier LtdItem Efficient and cost-effective wireless CC/CV charging for electric vehicles: A bipolar duty cycle approach(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Vinod, M.; Kishan, D.; Dastagiri Reddy, B.D.; Nagendrappa, N.Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) has gained significant popularity in recent times, particularly in electric vehicle (EV) battery charging applications. To achieve optimal battery charging, it is imperative to implement both constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes of operation. Traditionally, CC/CV modes are attained through conventional phase shift techniques, frequency modulation schemes, the use of active converters, and additional compensator circuits and coils. However, these conventional methods not only reduce system efficiency but also escalate overall costs and control complexity on the onboard side. This article proposes a novel bipolar duty cycle control strategy for a series–series resonant IPT system, aiming to achieve CC/CV modes of operation. The proposed control strategy increases the number of switches operated with zero voltage switching, compared to other fixed-frequency phase shift control strategies across a wide load range. Furthermore, the article provides a detailed procedure for implementing the voltage and current compensator. Additionally, it describes the construction of a one-kilowatt laboratory prototype using Sic devices, presenting the obtained results. The peak measured DC–DC efficiency of 93.8 % is achieved at a distance of 150 mm, and the efficiency has also been evaluated under misalignment conditions. © 2024 Elsevier LtdItem An Integrated EV Battery Charger With Three-Level Boost PFC Converter and H5-Bridge Based Bidirectional DO-CLL Series Resonant Converter for Wide Battery Voltage Range(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Vinusha, B.; Kalpana, R.; Kishan, D.This article proposes an efficient two-stage ac–dc converter for off-board electric vehicle charging applications over a wide range of battery voltages. The proposed charger integrates a three-phase three-level boost power factor correction (TL-BPFC) converter with a bidirectional dual-output CLL (DO-CLL) series resonant converter. In the ac–dc conversion stage, three switches are controlled using a hysteresis technique to enhance input power quality. The second stage, responsible for dc–dc conversion, incorporates an H5-bridge on the primary side and a voltage doubler circuit on the secondary side, providing decoupled outputs through two high-frequency transformers (HFTs) connected to resonant tanks. This configuration allows flexible adjustment of the resonant tank inputs, which can operate in full-bridge (FB), half-bridge (HB), or inactive (IA) modes. This design provides a key advantage of a wide voltage range during forward and reverse operation using reconfigurable H5 bridge. Additionally, the switches in the DO-CLL achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) during turn-on, and the identical HFTs minimize the cross-coupling effect, to enhance the efficiency. A scaled-down laboratory prototype of the off-board EV charger is developed to provide two distinct outputs of 400 V and 200 V, achieving an overall efficiency of 97.6%. © 1982-2012 IEEE.Item A dual full-bridge series-series resonant IPT system for ultra-wide-range electric vehicle battery applications(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Vinod, M.; Kishan, D.The design of inductive charging systems presents a significant challenge for various electric vehicle models, each equipped with diverse battery packs ranging from 200 to 800 V. Typically, DC–DC converters, along with diode bridge rectifiers or controlled rectifiers, are employed to accommodate this wide battery voltage range. However, this conventional approach increases vehicle weight and introduces greater control intricacies. In response, this article proposes a wide-gain converter with two sets of coupled coils to charge batteries of different voltage ranges without compromising system efficiency. The proposed system operates in four modes: voltage doubler mode, current doubler mode, full-bridge mode, and half-bridge mode, which has high voltage gain, high current gain, medium voltage gain, and low voltage gain operations. The simulations have been performed using MATLAB-Simulink software to validate the efficacy of the dual full-bridge converter across various battery voltages (800 V, 400 V, and 200 V) and power levels. Furthermore, a laboratory prototype has been built with SiC devices to further validate the proposed converter. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.