Faculty Publications
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Item Measuring climate change impact on crop yields in southern India: A panel regression approach(Springer Nature, 2023) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.The evidence of climate variability among developing countries has stressed agriculture sector. Promoting sustainable development will create an opportunity to enhance the rural livelihoods that are prone to frequent climate shocks. The present study estimates the climate change impact on three crop yields (Rice, Maize and Finger Millet) using fine scale climate dataset constructed at regional context for 20 districts over 21 years (1992-2012). Fixed effect panel regression method was used to examine change in crop yields to climate response. The results indicate consistently negative impact of temperature on crop yields. The regional dimension specified in the study suggested special attention for semi-arid and arid region as the magnitude of impact is significantly large. © The Author(s), 2023. All rights reserved.Item Assessing the Impact of ESG Factors on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from CRIP Sector(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Rajath, B.S.; Abhilash, G.; Devarajappa, S.; Geetha, V.; Devi, G.; Jain, S.K.; Priyanka, H.B.; Kalli, R.In recent times, managers and politicians have been impacted by key variables such as ethics, corporate governance, and ESG, leading to investment choices and the establishment of strong rules. There is an increasing focus on the understanding of environmental stability and the socio-economic growth of nation-states, which has led to the priority of sustainable and responsible investment methods. Nevertheless, there remains a void in investigating the CSR- and associated corporate characteristics that impact business performance The main purpose of the current research is to explore the influence of ESG factors on company performance, with a special emphasis on the Infrastructure, Construction, Real Estate, Infrastructure, and Project (CRIP) sectors. The research employed the Crisil ESG database, providing comprehensive financial data and ESG ratings of 42 organizations. Fixed effect panel regression was performed to evaluate the impact of ESG disclosure on company performance. The data revealed that the combined ESG score has a positive and large effect on the (WACC) Weighted Average Cost of Capital. The findings from the study are meant to aid varied stakeholders for policy-making and strategic decision-making in the Indian CRIP business. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item Impact of climate change on crop yields: Evidence from irrigated and dry land cultivation in semi-arid region of India(L and H Scientific Publishing, LLC, 2020) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.With population pressure constantly growing in India the crop productivity is struggling hard to catch up. Erratic rainfall and steady rise in temperature create widely uncertain outcomes for the farming communities. Against this backdrop, the present study has used a climate dataset constructed at a finer spatial level from a southern Indian state namely Karnataka to analyze the yield response of rice and maize crops to climate change. Using a time period from 1992 to 2012, a panel dataset has been made at the district level. The fixed effect regression results show that rice and maize productivity has been impacted adversely due to a steady rise in temperature in the state. The extent of damage is found to be 7% to 10%. Further, the study has also probed the role of irrigation as a climate adaptation strategy and has found out that adverse yield impact is reduced in the presence of irrigation. These findings provide some specific directions for policy framing to curb yield damage arising from climate variability. © 2020 L&H Scientific Publishing, LLC.Item Impact of COVID-19 on GDP of major economies: Application of the artificial neural network forecaster(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Jena, P.R.; Majhi, R.; Kalli, R.; Managi, S.; Majhi, B.The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused global health impacts, and governments have restricted movements to a certain extent. Such restrictions have led to disruptions in economic activities. In this paper, the GDP figures for the April–June quarter of 2020 for eight countries, namely, the United States, Mexico, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, India, and Japan, are forecasted. Considering that artificial neural network models have higher forecasting accuracy than statistical methods, a multilayer artificial neural network model is developed in this paper. This model splits the dataset into two parts: the first with 80% of the observations and the second with 20%. The model then uses the first part to optimize the forecasting accuracy and then applies the optimized parameters to the second part of the dataset to assess the model performance. A forecasting error of less than 2% is achieved by the model during the testing procedure. The forecasted GDP figures show that the April–June quarter of the current year experienced sharp declines in GDP for all countries. Moreover, the annualized GDP growth is expected to reach double-digit negative growth rates. Such alarming prospects require urgent rescue actions by governments. © 2020 Economic Society of Australia, QueenslandItem Combining agriculture, social and climate indicators to classify vulnerable regions in the Indian semi-arid region(IWA Publishing, 2022) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.Climate change vulnerability is highly counter-productive for agriculture among the arid and semi-arid regions. The study constructs the agriculture vulnerability index for Karnataka, a south Indian state. The state has faced frequent climate-related shocks in the last decade. The district-wise vulnerability index is estimated using longitudinal data considering exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity as sub-indices. The results show that the districts in the north interior region of Karnataka are highly vulnerable to the climate change followed by the districts in the south interior and coastal regions. There is an urgent need to prioritize the most vulnerable districts while formulating the development policies to minimize the risk of climate change on agriculture. Specific technical knowledge and support need to be made available to the farmers for informative climate resilience action. © 2022 The Authors.Item Subsidized LPG Scheme and the Shift to Cleaner Household Energy Use: Evidence from a Tribal Community of Eastern India(MDPI, 2022) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.; Managi, S.Traditional fuels have both environmental and health impacts. The transition from traditional to clean cooking fuel requires significant public policy actions. The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) is one of the primary policies launched in India to eradicate energy poverty among households. Past studies have focused on the drivers that motivate rural households to adopt clean energy and identified the bottlenecks for adoption of clean energy in developing countries. PMUY’s success in terms of scale and pace is critical in the national drive to provide access to clean energy fuel to each citizen. The present study focuses on two objectives. First, we investigate the intensity of adoption and refill of LPG under the PMUY scheme. Second, we use household and other demographic characteristics to examine the factors that influence households’ decision on using LPG as a cooking fuel. Empirical results show that rapid growth has been witnessed in the provision of subsidized LPG connections. However, the annual average refill status stands at two LPG cylinders per beneficiary household indicating that the majority of the beneficiaries have failed to refill their LPG cylinders. This imbalance between rapid enrollment of LPG and limited refill among beneficiary households indicate the continued usage of traditional sources of energy for cooking. From the primary survey conducted in the rural tribal communities of Odisha, we observe that household income and education played a significant role in adoption of LPG and continued usage of LPG gas. Additionally, the logit and ordered probit models identify that membership in self-help groups, accessibility and awareness of LPG are the major adoption drivers. In conclusion, policy makers need to address the challenge of refill status among PMUY consumers. Further, educating households on health benefits through SHG and creating accessibility at village level can actively increase the usage of LPG. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Item How large is the farm income loss due to climate change? Evidence from India(Emerald Group Holdings Ltd., 2022) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.Purpose: Climate change is the most concerned issue in the global economy; increase in climate variability and uncertain climate events have caused distress in agriculture sector. The study estimates economic effect of climate change on agriculture income for the Indian state of Karnataka. The study reports the difference of result from past studies, where estimates from present study indicate higher negative impact of rise in temperature. Design/methodology/approach: Fixed effect panel regression method was used to examine change in agriculture revenue to climate response. Climate variables were classified based on the crop calendar to capture the damage caused by climate change. The authors use fine scale climate data set constructed at regional context for 20 districts and time period of 21 years (1992–2012). Findings: The result showed that with 1-degree rise in average maximum temperature, the revenue declined by 17–21%. The prediction behavior of the different models was evaluated using out-of-sample forecast approach by training and testing historical data set. Originality/value: The study adopts recent data sets on agriculture and the updated climate variables to estimate the climate change impact on agriculture. The study yields the better results when compared to previous traditional models applied in literature in Indian context. The study further evaluates the prediction behavior and robustness of the estimated models using out-of-sample forecast method. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.Item Prediction of crop yield using climate variables in the south-western province of India: a functional artificial neural network modeling (FLANN) approach(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Jena, P.R.; Majhi, B.; Kalli, R.; Majhi, R.To meet the demand of the growing population, there exists pressure on food production. In this context, appropriate prediction of crop yield helps in agricultural production planning. Given the inability of the traditional linear models to provide satisfactory prediction performance, there is a need to develop a crop yield prediction model that is simple in complexity, accurate in prediction, and less time-consuming during training and validation phases. Keeping these objectives in view, the present paper focuses on building an adaptive, low complexity, and accurate nonlinear model for the prediction of crop yield. A time series dataset for the period 1991–2012 of Karnataka, a southwestern state of India, is used for yield prediction. An empirical nonlinear relation between crop yield and the four independent attributes has been obtained from the proposed ANN model. The independent attributes employed are total rainfall, the cumulative distribution of temperature, the proportion of irrigated land, and the average amount of fertilizer used. It is demonstrated that the developed model exhibits better prediction accuracy, less root mean square error in the range of 0.07–0.14, less mean square error in the range of 0.01–0.04, and mean absolute error in the range of 0.07–0.15 compared to its corresponding linear regression model. It is recommended that the proposed ANN model can also be applied to predict other agricultural products of the same or other geographical regions of the globe. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.Item Effect of irrigation on farm efficiency in tribal villages of Eastern India(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.; Timilsina, R.R.; Rahut, D.B.; Sonobe, T.Irrigation is an important adaptation strategy to cope with climate change which reduces vulnerability to water stress and improves crop productivity to feed millions. There is evidence of crop yield stagnation in many developing countries, and irrigation efficiency is claimed to increase crop productivity. Therefore, this paper uses data envelopment analysis to evaluate the farmer's productivity through technical efficiency (TE), i.e., the relationship between resource inputs and outputs of 513 paddy farmers in Eastern India. The results show that the farms are, on average operating at 14% TE, leaving a considerable scope to improve up to 86% to reach the optimal level. A significant difference is observed between irrigated and rain-fed paddy farmers, such that10% of the irrigated farms achieved efficiency scores over 40% and only 2% of rain-fed farms achieved the same. The tobit and beta fit regression models are estimated to find out the factors that influence the TE. Both surface water and groundwater sources of irrigation are used as predictors, along with other socio-demographic factors. Access to surface water irrigation is identified to be a significant determinant of farm efficiency, however, surface water irrigation, such as canal irrigation, is accessible only to farmers living on plain land. Farmers living on highlands need to explore other sources of irrigation practices, such as drip and sprinkler, that can increase TE and farm productivity. Therefore, this paper calls for government intervention to provide extensive training and facilities for these micro-irrigation practices. © 2023 The Authors