Faculty Publications

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Publications by NITK Faculty

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Author: search.filters.author.Jeyaraj, J.Subject: search.filters.subject.Foams

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    Sound transmission loss characteristics of sandwich aircraft panels: Influence of nature of core
    (SAGE Publications Ltd info@sagepub.co.uk, 2017) Arunkumar, M.P.; Jeyaraj, J.; Gangadharan, K.V.; Mailan Chinnapandi, M.C.
    Sandwich panel which has a design involving acoustic comfort is always denser and larger in size than the design involving mechanical strength. The respective short come can be solved by exploring the impact of core geometry on sound transmission characteristics of sandwich panels. In this aspect, the present work focuses on the study of influence of core geometry on sound transmission characteristics of sandwich panels which are commonly used as aircraft structures. Numerical investigation has been carried out based on a 2D model with equivalent elastic properties. The present study has found that, for a honeycomb core sandwich panel in due consideration to space constraint, better sound transmission characteristics can be achieved with lower core height. It is observed that, for a honeycomb core sandwich panel, one can select cell size as the parameter to reduce the weight with out affecting the sound transmission loss. Triangular core sandwich panel can be used for low frequency application due to its increased transmission loss. In foam core sandwich panel, it is noticed that the effect of face sheet material on sound transmission loss is significant and this can be controlled by varying the density of foam. © 2016, © The Author(s) 2016.
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    Dynamic impact behavior of syntactic foam core sandwich composites
    (SAGE Publications Ltd info@sagepub.co.uk, 2020) Breunig, P.; Damodaran, V.; Shahapurkar, K.; Waddar, S.; Doddamani, M.; Jeyaraj, J.; Prabhakar, P.
    Sandwich composites and syntactic foams independently have been used in many engineering applications. However, there has been minimal effort towards taking advantage of the weight saving ability of syntactic foams in the cores of sandwich composites, especially with respect to the impact response of structures. To that end, the goal of this study is to investigate the mechanical response and damage mechanisms associated with syntactic foam core sandwich composites subjected to dynamic impact loading. In particular, this study investigates the influence of varying cenosphere volume fraction in syntactic foam core sandwich composites subjected to varying dynamic impact loading and further elucidates the extent and diversity of corresponding damage mechanisms. The syntactic foam cores are first fabricated using epoxy resin as the matrix and cenospheres as the reinforcement with four cenosphere volume fractions of 0% (pure epoxy), 20%, 40%, and 60%. The sandwich composite panels are then manufactured using the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process with carbon fiber/vinyl ester facesheets. Dynamic impact tests are performed on the sandwich composite specimens at two energy levels of 80 J and 160 J, upon which the data are post-processed to gain a quantitative understanding of the impact response and damage mechanisms incurred by the specimens. A qualitative understanding is obtained through micro-computed tomography scanning of the impacted specimens. In addition, a finite element model is developed to investigate the causes for different damage mechanisms observed in specimens with different volume fractions. © The Author(s) 2019.
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    Effect of thermal loading on syntactic foam sandwich composite
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc. cs-journals@wiley.com, 2020) Waddar, S.; Jeyaraj, J.; Doddamani, M.
    An experimental investigation carried out on the deflection behavior of sandwich composites with a fly ash cenosphere/epoxy syntactic foam core and plain-woven sisal fiber fabric/epoxy skin subjected to nonuniform heating is presented. The influence of cenosphere volume fraction in the syntactic foam core, three different heating cases (increase-decrease, decrease, and decrease-increase), and cenospheres’ surface treatment effect is analyzed. The temperature deflection is acquired with the help of a LabVIEW program. The critical buckling and snap-initiation temperatures are found from the temperature-deflection plots. It is observed that the sandwich beam undergoes snap-through buckling behavior due to viscoelastic forces associated with the syntactic foam core. The critical buckling temperature increases with the filler content, and the surface treatment enhances the buckling behavior marginally. Results also demonstrate that the sandwiching of the syntactic foam core between the natural fiber skin enhances critical buckling temperatures compared to the syntactic foam core. © 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers
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    Effect of axial compression on dynamic response of concurrently printed sandwich
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Bharath, H.S.; Waddar, S.; Bekinal, S.I.; Jeyaraj, J.; Doddamani, M.
    In this work, the sandwich is concurrently realized using high density polyethylene (HDPE) skins and syntactic foam core through three-dimensional printing (3DP). Syntactic foam core is printed using lightweight feedstock filaments having glass microballoons (GMBs) by 20–60 vol% embedded in HDPE. These lightweight filaments are used as feed material in FFF (fused filament fabrication) based three-dimensional printer. The concurrently printed sandwich is loaded axially in a compressive mode for investigating the influence of GMB loading on buckling and natural frequency. The experimental load–deflection data and modal analysis are utilized for estimating critical buckling load and natural frequencies, respectively, under axial compression. Increasing GMB content enhances load to buckle and frequency of the printed sandwiches. The natural frequency decrease with higher compressive loads. Furthermore, the fundamental natural frequency increases exponentially when these printed sandwiches are subjected to axial compression loads that are higher than the load required for critical buckling. The load–deflection data and frequency obtained experimentally are compared with numerical predictions deduced using finite element analysis (FEA), which are noted to match well. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
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    Dynamic behavior of concurrently printed functionally graded closed cell foams
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Dileep, B.; Prakash, R.; Bharath, H.S.; Jeyaraj, J.; Doddamani, M.
    In this work, functionally graded foams (FGFs) of closed cell types are three-dimensionally printed (3DP) concurrently. These closed cell syntactic foams are manufactured by reinforcing 20, 40, and 60 vol% hollow glass microballoons (GMBs) in the high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and are investigated for their mechanical buckling and free vibration response. The critical buckling load (Pcr) of the FGFs are evaluated using the Double Tangent Method (DTM), Modified Budiansky Criteria (MBC), and Vibration Correlation Technique (VCT). It is observed that Pcr evaluated by all three methods are in good agreement. Among all FGFs, FGF-2 exhibited higher buckling strength with 22–26% higher than FGF-1 and FGF-3. Under no-load and uniaxial compressive loads, the first three natural frequency of FGFs and their corresponding damping factors are evaluated. At first mode, the natural frequency of FGFs decreases in the pre-buckling zone and started increasing in the post-buckling zone. Damping factor exhibited reverse trend compared to the trend shown by the natural frequencies. Among all FGFs, FGF-2 (20-40-60 GMB gradation) exhibited better natural frequency. Experimental results are compared with a finite element based simulation results. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
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    Dynamic response of 3D printed functionally graded sandwich foams
    (Emerald Publishing, 2023) Bonthu, D.; Bharath, B.; Bekinal, S.I.; Jeyaraj, J.; Doddamani, M.
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to introduce three-dimensional printing (3DP) of functionally graded sandwich foams (FGSFs). This work was continued by predicting the mechanical buckling and free vibration behavior of 3DP FGSFs using experimental and numerical analyses. Design/methodology/approach: Initially, hollow glass microballoon-reinforced high-density polyethylene-based polymer composite foams were developed, and these materials were extruded into their respective filaments. These filaments are used as feedstock materials in fused filament fabrication based 3DP for the development of FGSFs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed on the freeze-dried samples to observe filler sustainability. Furthermore, the density, critical buckling load (Pcr), natural frequency (fn) and damping factor of FGSFs were evaluated. The critical buckling load (Pcr) of the FGSFs was estimated using the double-tangent method and modified Budiansky criteria. Findings: The density of FGSFs decreased with increasing filler percentage. The mechanical buckling load increased with the filler percentage. The natural frequency corresponding to the first mode of the FGSFs exhibited a decreasing trend with an increasing load in the pre-buckling regime and an increase in post-buckled zone, whereas the damping factor exhibited the opposite trend. Originality/value: The current research work is valuable for the area of 3D printing by developing the functionally graded foam based sandwich beams. Furthermore, it intended to present the buckling behavior of 3D printed FGSFs, variation of frequency and damping factor corresponding to first three modes with increase in load. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.