Faculty Publications
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Item Fair trade certification and livelihoods: A panel data analysis of coffee-growing households in India(Cambridge University Press arer@arec.umd.edu, 2016) Karki, S.K.; Jena, P.R.; Grote, U.This study analyzes the participation decision and income impacts of fair-trade coffee certification on small-scale coffee producers in the Araku valley in India using panel data for 183 households and endogenous-switching and quantile regression methods. The results show that fair trade certification has a positive effect on income; the income of certified farmers is 17 percent higher on average than the income of uncertified coffee producers. Furthermore, fair trade certification has a "bottom of the pyramid" effect in that the largest income gains accrue to farmers in the poorer quantiles. © The Author(s) 2016.Item Fairtrade certification and livelihood impacts on small-scale coffee producers in a tribal community of India(Oxford University Press, 2017) Jena, P.R.; Grote, U.Can Fairtrade certification improve farmers' livelihoods in small-scale coffee farming tribal communities in India? Has Fairtrade contributed to capacitybuilding among the farmers? To answer these questions, household data of 256 coffee farmers from a tribal coffee-producing community in southern India was collected in 2010. Using the propensity score matching technique, the empirical findings show that Fairtrade certification has a positive impact on farmers' income. However, the incidence of poverty in the community is very high, with 84% of the certified farmers being extremely poor. Some improvement in the livelihoods of certified farmers has occurred from higher and assured farm gate prices, regular collection of coffee from the village centers that reduces travel costs, and from the social Fairtrade premium. But while the benefits are modest and the process is slow, challenges remain in terms of improving the effectiveness and management of the cooperative system, as well as raising the awareness of farmers about Fairtrade certification. There is a need to strengthen the positive impacts created by Fairtrade certification by collaboration between the cooperative and local government to enhance the technical, financial and human capacities of the coffee cooperative members. © 2017. Oxford University Press on behalf of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.Item Socio-economic Implications of Food Safety Standards in India(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2018) Jena, P.R.Food safety issues have increasingly become priority for the consumers due allegiance to increasing income standards and awareness about food contamination. Developing country governments are paying attention to such demand and revising their food standards. Indian Government have consolidated the earlier food safety laws under one umbrella Act, namely Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), which was implemented in 2011. This paper critically reviews the socio-economic implications of food contamination in India and the scope of FSSA in dealing with them. The analysis finds out that although the current framework is comprehensive, there are many loopholes in terms of implementation. For example, agricultural crop producers do not come under the ambit of current law. Street food vendors that are responsible for many food contamination incidents in the past are still not effectively monitored due to lack of qualified food safety officers. Food traceability system in India is still evolving and it is voluntary. There is a need for private-public partnership to promote adoption of traceability system in the country. The paper suggests some ways forward for the effective implementation of the food safety Act in India. © 2018 Policy Studies Organization.Item Does trade liberalization create more pollution? Evidence from a panel regression analysis across the states of India(Springer Tokyo orders@springer.jp, 2018) Jena, P.R.Following the economic liberalization policies that have been adopted in India in 1993, the country has experienced phenomenal improvements in economic growth, industrialization, and trade flows. This paper has evaluated the environmental impacts of trade liberalization in India. The empirical strategy followed in this paper is that the impact of trade openness on environmental pollution has been decomposed into scale, technique, and trade-induced composition effects. Data on air pollution indicators such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), and suspended particulate matter (SPM) and other socio-economic variables across the major industrial states of India over the time period 1991–2013 have been collated, and panel regression models have been applied for such impact estimation. The results establish that the impact of growth and trade liberalization on environmental pollution is not consistent across the pollutants rather it depends upon the specific indicator that is examined. For example, higher trade flows have helped reduce SO2 concentration; however, the same could not be said for NO2 and SPM. It is concluded that free trade policies in the presence of a dynamic pollution regulatory framework can yield sustainable trade. © 2018, Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature.Item Public expenditure effectiveness for biodiversity conservation: Understanding the trends for project tiger in India(Now Publishers Inc, 2020) Nayak, B.P.; Jena, P.R.; Chaudhury, S.Project Tiger, a flagship programme for conservation of the tiger launched in 1973 in India has expanded over the years in terms of its geographical coverage and volume of expenditure. However, the tiger is still an endangered species in India and conservation efforts face multiple challenges like widespread loss of tiger habitat, decline in the density of prey animals, illegal poaching, human-animal conflicts and revenge killing. This study explores the trends and patterns of government expenditure over the years by reviewing the annual plan of operation of different tiger reserves and examines whether the volume or the pattern of expenditure has any relationship with performance, measured by the change in the number of tigers and occupancy in 28 tiger reserves. Analysis of the financial outlay data in the Annual Plan of Operation of the tiger reserves suggest that habitat improvement, which includes relocation, gets the highest share whereas human-animal conflict and eco-development gets the least, though more than 0.5 million households are located in and around the tiger reserves 0.3 million. Allocations are neither proportional to the size of the reserve nor to the tiger population. The relationships between expenditure categories and tiger populations are explored through a negative binomial regression model. Among the expenditure categories, expenditure on habitat improvement, excluding relocation, is found to be negatively related to tiger population whereas all other expenditures like infrastructure, protection, and human-animal conflict are positively related. © 2020 B. P. Nayak and P. R. Jena and S. ChaudhuryItem Switch in Livelihood Strategies and Social Capital Have a Role to Play in Deciding Rural Poverty Dynamics: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis from Eastern India(SAGE Publications Ltd info@sagepub.co.uk, 2020) Khosla, S.; Jena, P.R.Rural households continuously move into and out of poverty due to various factors; and in response to this phenomenon, these rural households adopt several strategies. The purpose of the present paper was to examine the role of livelihood diversification and social capital in the movement of these households into and out of poverty in Eastern rural India. The present study classified households into four poverty groups (called poverty dynamics) based on the panel data gathered from 1353 rural households between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. The study used the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) and the multinomial logit model (MLM) to examine the poverty outcome between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. As per the data collected, at the state level, 25.26% of households were chronic poor and 37.04% of households ascended out of poverty, while 8.20% of households descended into poverty between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Further, it was found out from the SLA that there is a positive relationship between the phenomena of non-farm activities and escaping poverty. The result from the MLM shows that social capital in the form of group membership in different saving schemes and social groups helps to ascend out of poverty. © The Author(s) 2019.Item Impact of COVID-19 on the Indian seaport transportation and maritime supply chain(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Narasimha, P.T.; Jena, P.R.; Majhi, R.Impacts of COVID-19 in maritime transportation and its related policy measures have been investigated by more and more organizations and researchers across the world. This paper aims to examine the impacts of COVID-19 on seaport transportation and the maritime supply chain field and its related issues in India. Secondary data are used to analyze the performance indicators of major seaports in India before and during the COVID-19 crisis. We further explore and discuss the expert's views about the impact, preparedness, response, and recovery aspects for the maritime-related sector in India. The results on the quantitative performance of Indian major seaports during the COVID-19 indicate a negative growth in the cargo traffic and a decrease in the number of vessel traffic compared to pre-COVID-19. The expert survey results suggest a lack of preparedness for COVID-19 and the need for developing future strategies by maritime organizations. The overall findings of the study shall assist in formulating maritime strategies by enhancing supply chain resilience and sustainable business recovery process while preparing for a post-COVID-19 crisis. The study also notes that the Covid-19 crisis is still an ongoing concern, as the government, maritime organizations, and stakeholders face towards providing vaccine and remedial treatment to infected people. Further, this study can be expanded to the global maritime supply chain business context and to conduct interdisciplinary research in marine technical fields and maritime environment to measure the impact of COVID-19. © 2021 Elsevier LtdItem Do Certification Schemes Enhance Coffee Yields and Household Income? Lessons Learned Across Continents(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Jena, P.R.; Grote, U.While the market for sustainably certified products grows, the debate on whether smallholder farmers benefit from this certification movement is far from over. We present empirical findings across three continents. Identical household surveys were conducted among 738 smallholder coffee farmers organized in primary cooperatives in Ethiopia, India and Nicaragua. The comparative analysis which is based on the propensity score matching approach shows that the impacts of Fairtrade certification on coffee yields and income vary across countries. In Ethiopia, the coffee farmers from Fairtrade certified cooperatives fare worse than their non-certified counterparts both in coffee yield and income. In the Indian case study, the Fairtrade cooperative members have yield and price advantages over the non-certified farmers. This has in turn led to higher net revenue from coffee for certified farmers. In Nicaragua, coffee farmers from Fairtrade and double (Fairtrade-Organic) certified cooperatives also benefit in terms of net revenue but there is no statistically significant effect on yield and household income. A comparison of the Fairtrade minimum floor price and the weight-equivalent Fairtrade cooperative price in the three countries shows that Nicaraguan Fairtrade certified farmers have obtained a higher average price than the Fairtrade mandated minimum price, whereas in Ethiopia the certified farmers received a much lower price. In India, the certified average price was closer to the minimum floor price. We conclude that coffee cooperatives and the motivation and capability of their staff play a central role in training their member farmers about each aspect of coffee growing and certification. © © 2022 Jena and Grote.Item Combining agriculture, social and climate indicators to classify vulnerable regions in the Indian semi-arid region(IWA Publishing, 2022) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.Climate change vulnerability is highly counter-productive for agriculture among the arid and semi-arid regions. The study constructs the agriculture vulnerability index for Karnataka, a south Indian state. The state has faced frequent climate-related shocks in the last decade. The district-wise vulnerability index is estimated using longitudinal data considering exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity as sub-indices. The results show that the districts in the north interior region of Karnataka are highly vulnerable to the climate change followed by the districts in the south interior and coastal regions. There is an urgent need to prioritize the most vulnerable districts while formulating the development policies to minimize the risk of climate change on agriculture. Specific technical knowledge and support need to be made available to the farmers for informative climate resilience action. © 2022 The Authors.Item Subsidized LPG Scheme and the Shift to Cleaner Household Energy Use: Evidence from a Tribal Community of Eastern India(MDPI, 2022) Kalli, R.; Jena, P.R.; Managi, S.Traditional fuels have both environmental and health impacts. The transition from traditional to clean cooking fuel requires significant public policy actions. The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) is one of the primary policies launched in India to eradicate energy poverty among households. Past studies have focused on the drivers that motivate rural households to adopt clean energy and identified the bottlenecks for adoption of clean energy in developing countries. PMUY’s success in terms of scale and pace is critical in the national drive to provide access to clean energy fuel to each citizen. The present study focuses on two objectives. First, we investigate the intensity of adoption and refill of LPG under the PMUY scheme. Second, we use household and other demographic characteristics to examine the factors that influence households’ decision on using LPG as a cooking fuel. Empirical results show that rapid growth has been witnessed in the provision of subsidized LPG connections. However, the annual average refill status stands at two LPG cylinders per beneficiary household indicating that the majority of the beneficiaries have failed to refill their LPG cylinders. This imbalance between rapid enrollment of LPG and limited refill among beneficiary households indicate the continued usage of traditional sources of energy for cooking. From the primary survey conducted in the rural tribal communities of Odisha, we observe that household income and education played a significant role in adoption of LPG and continued usage of LPG gas. Additionally, the logit and ordered probit models identify that membership in self-help groups, accessibility and awareness of LPG are the major adoption drivers. In conclusion, policy makers need to address the challenge of refill status among PMUY consumers. Further, educating households on health benefits through SHG and creating accessibility at village level can actively increase the usage of LPG. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.