Faculty Publications
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Item Electronic ticket machine data analytics for public bus transport planning(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Cyril, A.; George, V.; Mulangi, R.H.This paper investigates various aspects related to demand modeling and line-planning for bus transport systems based on data elicited from Electronic Ticket Machine (ETM). The ETM data has not been explored thoroughly for transportation planning although it is nowadays collected and compiled by public transport undertakings on a regular basis. The data used in the study is part of transactions on ticket sales by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) maintained at 6 bus depots in Trivandrum city for the period between 2010 and 2013. The data collected through ETM is immensely huge with average monthly passenger transactions of approximately one million. The database can be audited and compiled to determine the passenger demand, operator's performance, and effectiveness of the service provided. It is possible to determine the origin-destination (OD) matrix of the bus commuters by querying the ETM database using a specially developed program in MATLAB®. The OD data will assist in travel demand modelling, decision-making, and formulation of strategies for future preplanning of the transit system. The work presented in this paper provides details on the block-diagram developed for the formulation of the programme, and a demonstration of its capabilities. In a similar manner, it is also possible to determine the link-volume in terms of passenger flow on the transit network using a specially developed program. Additionally, it is also possible to elicit details on the load-rate with information on boarding and alighting of passengers at bus stops in addition to performance-related statistical details can be elicited from the ETM database. It is proposed to develop MATLAB® based programs for the same. The work described herein also includes description on the use of the time-series approach in short-term demand forecasting. The present work proposes a number of analytical methods that can be employed to derive information from ETM data for travel demand modeling, and strategic and operational planning of public transport. © 2017 IEEE.Item Modelling and Forecasting Bus Passenger Demand using Time Series Method(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Cyril, A.; Mulangi, R.H.; George, V.Public bus transport demand modelling and forecasting is important for decision-making, transport policy formulation, urban public transport planning and allocation of buses into the network. It is the key to the solutions for major transportation problems. In this paper, a univariate time series ARIMA model is used to forecast the inter-district public transport travel demand from Trivandrum to five other districts of Kerala. The data used in the study is a part of the transaction on ticket sales by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) maintained at the Trivandrum central depot for the period between 2010 and 2013. ARIMA model is developed to predict the travel demand between the five district pairs and the demand is forecasted for future. The accuracy of the developed ARIMA model is demonstrated in the study by comparing the forecasted values with the actual demand observed in 2013. The results show that time series ARIMA model, which uses only historical data of passenger demand is accurate for zones which are dependent on each other and for short-term demand forecasting. © 2018 IEEE.Item Demand-Based Model for Line Planning in Public Transport(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cyril, A.; Mulangi, R.H.; George, V.A public transport network serves the society effectively if it evolves in time according to the changes in the population. Urban transportation problems of Thiruvananthapuram, a typical Indian city, is mainly due to the lack of evolution of the planned network adhering to the rapid urbanization and motorization. These issues are managed by constructing more infrastructure, which act as the catalyst to major urban problems, rather than addressing the cause. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the public transport operational characteristics of a typical Indian City (Thiruvananthapuram) emphasizing on link load on the selected route. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for line planning problem which includes optimization of public transport lines using operator costs, user costs and crowding on the bus. It also includes the determination of peak and off-peak frequencies of the existing network lines considering the critical demand. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Item Basics on Categorizing Travel-Time-Based Degrees of Satisfaction Using Triangular Fuzzy-Membership Functions(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Anand, A.; George, V.; Kanthi, R.; Tagore, M.; Padmashree, M.S.The travel desires of trip-makers in urban activity centres depend mainly on the location of residential areas, proximity to various activity centres, household characteristics, and socio-economic factors that influence the choice of travel modes. Decision-making with regard to the choice of a particular mode of travel is fuzzy in nature, and seldom follows a rigid rule-based approach. In this context, the fuzzy-logic approach was considered since it could handle inherent randomness in decision-making related to mode-choice. The present study focuses on the application of this technique making use of revealed preference survey data collected through CES and MVA Systra, later compiled and corrected in various stages at NITK. The difference between the actual travel time by a particular mode, and the theoretical travel time based on average vehicular speeds was used as an important indicator in determining the degrees of satisfaction of the trip-maker. This indicator was computed, and fitted using a normal distribution. It was assumed that indicator values between μ-3σ and μ could be considered for the category of satisfied trip-makers according to the three sigma rule where μ is the mean indicator value, and σ represents the standard deviation. The computed values of the indicators were used in classifying the data into 6 categories of degrees of satisfaction that formed the basic framework for modelling using fuzzy-logic technique. This paper aims at understanding the basic mathematical computations involved in defuzzification using the centroid method for triangular membership functions, and provides a comparison with results obtained using MATLAB. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Item Microsimulation Modelling in VISSIM on Short-term and Long-term Improvements for Mangalore City Road Network(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Bandi, M.M.; George, V.The problems due to traffic congestion require continuous monitoring of movement of vehicles in the road network. In this connection, the study of speed and flow characteristics of roadways assists in developing strategies for efficient management of traffic. The focus of the present investigation was on suggesting short-term and long-term improvements at selected locations in the road network for Mangalore City. A VISSIM model which was previously calibrated and validated for vehicle, driver, and roadway characteristics based on vehicular flows across 18 mid-block sections was used for this purpose. The calibration was performed iteratively using the GEH statistic as an indicator, where the simulated vehicular volumes and speeds at 18 mid-block sections of the city were compared to the observed values. The validation of the model was then performed on a separate set of video-graphic data. Using the VISSIM model developed, it was possible to predict that significant improvements in vehicular flows and speeds could be attained which reduced the travel time of trip-makers. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Item Exploring the Application of Data Envelopment Analysis in the Evaluation of Public Transport Organizations(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Praveen Kumar, P.P.; George, V.; Mulangi, R.H.The work provides details on a study on performing a comparative analysis of productivity and efficiency of selected public transport organizations in India. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was used in this study using sub-routines specially developed in the open-source R programming environment used in statistical analyses. The DEA approach is a commonly adopted non-parametric method of analysis for the measurement of efficiency-related characteristics. Based on the availability and consistency of information, selected input and output data on 27 State Road Transport Undertakings (SRTUs) were used in this study. The scores of efficiencies were then computed using an input-oriented DEA model with constant return to scale. Finally, the analysis was used to distinguish between efficient and inefficient SRTUs based on weights assigned to peer units. The results of this study indicate that only 10 out of the 27 SRTUs performed well. It was also found that the performance parameters could be improved by reducing the quantity of input-related parameters in order to maintain the same level of output. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Modal Split and Cost-Sensitivity Analysis for Various Travel Modes Using Calibrated Parameters in NL Modeling(Elsevier B.V., 2025) George, V.; Anand, A.The present study demonstrates the use of the nested-logit (NL) approach in modal-split modeling with input related to the total cost of travel determined based on the cost of travel per km, and the cost of travel time per minute incurred by trip-makers. The calibrated best value of the scaling parameter that simulated the actual travel pattern as in Amritsar city in India was identified based on a trial-and-error approach, followed by cost-based sensitivity analyses. The study revealed that an increase in the combined costs of travel by private modes including intermediate public transport (IPT) modes resulted in a higher estimated ridership by public modes of travel such as mini-buses. Similar analyses were performed to estimate the ridership for private modes Vs IPT modes. One of the key findings of the cost-sensitivity analysis is that even when the total cost of travel by private modes including IPT was increased by up to 35%, the ridership by these modes remained more dominant than that of public modes. In Amritsar, trip-makers rely on independently operated minibuses and IPT alternatives that provide shared rides in place of buses. The insights provided can help formulate policies for promoting public transport modes. © 2024 The Authors.Item Effect of soil parameters on dynamic cone penetration indices of laterite sub-grade soils from India(2009) George, V.; Nageshwar Rao, Ch.; Shivashankar, R.The focus of this study was on correlating the effect of grain-size, maximum dry-density (MDD), field moisture content, and the void ratios on penetration measured using the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) for laterite soils blended with fines. Tests were performed on soil samples compacted to MDD for moulding water contents set to the optimum moisture content (OMC), dry of OMC, and wet of OMC un-soaked condition. The results indicated that an increase in the fines-content caused a decrease in the MDD, and an increase in the OMC and the DCP penetration. Regressions were developed correlating various parameters. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.Item A comparative study on properties of porous friction course mixes with neat bitumen and modified binders(2009) Suresha, S.N.; George, V.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.R.This paper summarises details of the laboratory investigation on the effect of various binders on the performance and durability of porous friction course (PFC) mixes. Three different modified binders and neat bitumen were investigated for three different aggregate gradations at two predetermined binder contents. The performance was evaluated in terms of stone-on-stone contact condition, air voids, and hydraulic-conductivity of compacted PFC mixes. The structural durability was investigated based on aged abrasion loss and moisture susceptibility. The findings provide a better understanding of the effect of each binder type on the performance and durability of PFC mixes. Crown Copyright © 2008.Item PFWD, DCP and CBR correlations for evaluation of lateritic subgrades(2009) George, V.; Rao, N.C.; Shivashankar, R.The evaluation of subgrade strength plays a major role in pavement design. An understanding of subgrade properties enables the selection of road materials for sub-base and base courses. In developing countries like India, apart from the use of well-established traditional pavement evaluation techniques such as the California bearing ratio (CBR) test and the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) test, the use of non-destructive testing devices such as the portable falling weight deflectometers (PFWDs) has gained popularity in recent years. This is mainly because of the inherent capability of PFWDs in obtaining quick estimates of the modulus of subgrade in addition to their simplicity in design and portability. Thus, there exists a need to correlate the results obtained using PFWDs with those obtained using traditional approaches such as the CBR and the DCP for the benefit of road engineers. This work focuses on exploring the correlations between these approaches for lateritic soils in Dakshina Kannada district, India.