Faculty Publications
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Item Additive Manufacturing of Syntactic Foams: Part 2: Specimen Printing and Mechanical Property Characterization(Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 184 Thorn Hill Road Warrendale PA 15086, 2018) Singh, A.K.; Saltonstall, B.; Patil, B.; Hoffmann, N.; Doddamani, M.; Gupta, N.High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and its fly ash cenosphere-filled syntactic foam filaments have been recently developed. These filaments are used for three-dimensional (3D) printing using a commercial printer. The developed syntactic foam filament (HDPE40) contains 40 wt.% cenospheres in the HDPE matrix. Printing parameters for HDPE and HDPE40 were optimized for use in widely available commercial printers, and specimens were three-dimensionally (3D) printed for tensile testing at strain rate of 10?3 s?1. Process optimization resulted in smooth operation of the 3D printer without nozzle clogging or cenosphere fracture during the printing process. Characterization results revealed that the tensile modulus values of 3D-printed HDPE and HDPE40 specimens were higher than those of injection-molded specimens, while the tensile strength was comparable, but the fracture strain and density were lower. © 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.Item Additive Manufacturing of Syntactic Foams: Part 1: Development, Properties, and Recycling Potential of Filaments(Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 184 Thorn Hill Road Warrendale PA 15086, 2018) Singh, A.K.; Patil, B.; Hoffmann, N.; Saltonstall, B.; Doddamani, M.; Gupta, N.This work focuses on developing filaments of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and their hollow particle-filled syntactic foams for commercial three-dimensional (3D) printers based on fused filament fabrication technology. Hollow fly-ash cenospheres were blended by 40 wt.% in a HDPE matrix to produce syntactic foam (HDPE40) filaments. Further, the recycling potential was studied by pelletizing the filaments again to extrude twice (2×) and three times (3×). The filaments were tensile tested at 10?4 s?1, 10?3 s?1, and 10?2 s?1 strain rates. HDPE40 filaments show an increasing trend in modulus and strength with the strain rate. Higher density and modulus were noticed for 2× filaments compared to 1× filaments because of the crushing of some cenospheres in the extrusion cycle. However, 2× and 3× filament densities are nearly the same, showing potential for recycling them. The filaments show better properties than the same materials processed by conventional injection molding. Micro-CT scans show a uniform dispersion of cenospheres in all filaments. © 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.Item Additive Manufacturing of Three-Phase Syntactic Foams Containing Glass Microballoons and Air Pores(Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 184 Thorn Hill Road Warrendale PA 15086, 2019) Singh, A.K.; Deptula, A.J.; Anawal, R.; Doddamani, M.; Gupta, N.High-density polyethylene and its syntactic foams reinforced with 20 vol.% and 40 vol.% glass microballoons were 3D printed using the fused filament fabrication method and studied for their compressive response. The three-phase microstructure of syntactic foams fabricated in this work also contained about 10 vol.% matrix porosity for obtaining light weight for buoyancy applications. Filaments for 3D printing were developed using a single screw filament extruder and printed on a commercial 3D printer using settings optimized in this work. Three-dimensional printed blanks were machined to obtain specimens that were tested at 10 ?4 s ?1 , 10 ?3 s ?1 , 10 ?2 s ?1 and 1 s ?1 strain rates. The compression results were compared with those of compression-molded (CM) specimens of the same materials. It was observed that the syntactic foam had a three-phase microstructure: matrix, microballoons and air voids. The air voids made the resulting foam lighter than the CM specimen. The moduli of the 3D-printed specimen were higher than those of the CM specimens at all strain rates. Yield strength was observed to be higher for CM samples than 3D-printed ones. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.Item Eco-friendly lightweight filament synthesis and mechanical characterization of additively manufactured closed cell foams(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Patil, B.; Bharath Kumar, B.R.; Bontha, S.; Balla, V.K.; Powar, S.; Hemanth Kumar, V.H.; Suresha, S.N.; Doddamani, M.Environmentally pollutant fly ash cenospheres (hollow microballoons) are utilized with most widely consumed, relatively expensive high density polyethylene (HDPE) for developing lightweight eco-friendly filament for 3D printing of closed cell foams. Cenospheres (20, 40 and 60 by volume %) are blended with HDPE and subsequently extruded in filament to be used for 3D printing. Cenosphere/HDPE blends are studied for melt flow index (MFI) and rheological properties. MFI decreases with cenospheres addition. Complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus increase with filler loading. DSC results on the filament and printed samples reveal increasing crystallization temperature and decreasing crystallinity % with no appreciable change in peak melting temperature. Cooling rate variations exhibit crystallinity differences between the filament and the prints. CTE decreases with increasing cenosphere content resulting in lower thermal stresses and under diffusion of raster leading to non-warped prints. Micrography on freeze fractured filament and prints show cenospheres uniform distribution in HDPE. Intact cenospheres lower the foam density making it lightweight. Tensile tests are carried out on filaments and printed samples while flexural properties are investigated for 3D prints. Cenospheres addition resulted in improved tensile modulus and decreased filament strength. Tensile and flexural modulus of printed foams increases with filler content. Results are also compared with injection molded samples. Printed foams registered comparable tensile strength. Specific tensile modulus is noted to be increased with cenospheres loading implying weight saving potential of 3D printed foams. Property map reveals printed foams advantage over other fillers and HDPE composites synthesized through injection and compression molding. © 2019 Elsevier LtdItem Compressive behavior of fly ash based 3D printed syntactic foam composite(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Patil, B.; Bharath Kumar, B.R.; Doddamani, M.Syntactic foams are widely used in damage tolerance and low-density applications. In present work compressive behavior of 3D printed three-phase syntactic foams under quasi-static strain rates (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 s?1) are investigated. Extruded filaments of High density polyethylene (HDPE) with environmentally pollutant fly ash cenospheres (0, 20, 40 and 60 vol%) are used for 3D printing. Micrography reveal that syntactic foam filament and 3D printed samples are three phase systems comprising matrix, cenosphere and porosity. Matrix porosity of about 7% makes these foams lightweight and suitable for buoyant applications. The compressive properties are extracted from the stress-strain plots. It is observed that modulus and specific modulus increases with strain rate and cenosphere content. Specific compressive strength increases with strain rate and decrease with cenosphere content. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.Item Mechanical behavior of additively manufactured nanoclay/HDPE nanocomposites(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Beesetty, P.; Kale, A.; Patil, B.; Doddamani, M.Nanoclay (NC) has blended with relatively inexpensive, widely consumed HDPE (high density polyethylene) for the development of filament to be used in 3D printers. NC/HDPE blends are prepared by varying NC wt. % (0.5, 1, 2, and 5) and are subjected to melt flow index (MFI) measurements. MFI has noted to be decreasing with NC loadings. NC/HDPE nanocomposite blends are further extruded using a single screw extruder. Developed nanocomposites filaments are fed to the fused filament fabrication (FFF) based 3D printer for realizing NC/HDPE nanocomposite prints. The density of printed sample increases with filler content. Filament and printed samples thermal study is carried out using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). NC addition increases crystallinity and crystallization temperature without significant change in melting peak temperature. Freeze fractured prints reveal the uniform distribution of NC in HDPE. The tensile test is conducted on the filaments and prints. Further printed nanocomposites are subjected to flexural investigations. Tensile modulus and strength of filament increase with NC additions in HDPE matrix. Tensile and flexural properties (modulus and strength) of the nanocomposite prints increases with NC content. Finally, results obtained from the tensile and flexural tests of prints are compared with different HDPE composites available in the literature. © 2020 Elsevier LtdItem Effect of axial compression on dynamic response of concurrently printed sandwich(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Bharath, H.S.; Waddar, S.; Bekinal, S.I.; Jeyaraj, J.; Doddamani, M.In this work, the sandwich is concurrently realized using high density polyethylene (HDPE) skins and syntactic foam core through three-dimensional printing (3DP). Syntactic foam core is printed using lightweight feedstock filaments having glass microballoons (GMBs) by 20–60 vol% embedded in HDPE. These lightweight filaments are used as feed material in FFF (fused filament fabrication) based three-dimensional printer. The concurrently printed sandwich is loaded axially in a compressive mode for investigating the influence of GMB loading on buckling and natural frequency. The experimental load–deflection data and modal analysis are utilized for estimating critical buckling load and natural frequencies, respectively, under axial compression. Increasing GMB content enhances load to buckle and frequency of the printed sandwiches. The natural frequency decrease with higher compressive loads. Furthermore, the fundamental natural frequency increases exponentially when these printed sandwiches are subjected to axial compression loads that are higher than the load required for critical buckling. The load–deflection data and frequency obtained experimentally are compared with numerical predictions deduced using finite element analysis (FEA), which are noted to match well. © 2020 Elsevier LtdItem Acoustic behaviour of 3D printed bio-degradable micro-perforated panels with varying perforation cross-sections(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Sailesh, R.; Yuvaraj, L.; Jeyaraj, J.; Doddamani, M.; Mailan Chinnapandi, L.B.Influence of perforations having arbitrarily varying cross-sections on the acoustic behaviour of 3D printed bio-degradable panels made of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) is presented. Circular perforations having six different types of cross-sectional variations namely convergent-divergent (CD), divergent-convergent (DC), convergent (C), divergent (D) with two different perforation diameters are realized using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) based 3D printing. Sound absorption and transmission loss characteristics of these perforated panels are estimated through impedance tube technique. Results revealed that sound absorption of perforated panels with varying cross-section is better than uniform cross-sectional perforation for the given frequency range. Among, the different cross-sectional variations explored, comparable and lower transmission losses are exhibited by DC and D perforation pattern with respect to constant diameter 1 mm panel. The sound transmission results of all other five specimens were significantly higher than constant diameter 8 mm panel and observed to be increasing with frequency. Geometrical perforation variations are noted to be a very crucial factor in designing soundproof panels as presented in this work. The experimental results are compared with the numerical results and found to be in good agreement. Such numerical analysis paves the guidelines for designing optimum perforation geometries prior to the on-field testing of the functional prototypes. © 2020 Elsevier LtdItem Flexural response of 3D printed sandwich composite(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Bharath, H.S.; Bonthu, D.; Gururaja, S.; Prabhakar, P.; Doddamani, M.Among many lightweight materials used in marine applications, sandwich structures with syntactic foam core are promising because of lower water uptake in foam core amid face-sheets damage. HDPE (high-density polyethylene) filament is used to 3D print sandwich skin, and glass microballoon (GMB) reinforced HDPE syntactic foam filaments are used for the core. The optimized parameters are used to prepare blends of 20, 40, and 60 vol% of GMB in HDPE. These foamed blends are extruded in filament form to be subsequently used in commercially available fused filament fabrication (FFF) based 3D printers. The defect-free syntactic foam core sandwich composites are 3D printed all at once (skin-core-skin printing in sequence at once) using optimized printing parameters and characterized for the flexural behavior. The result reveals that the addition of GMB increases both specific modulus and strength in sandwich composites and is highest for the sandwich having a core with 60 vol% of GMB. The measured properties of sandwiches are compared with a respective core to study the effect of the sandwich. It is observed that flexural strength, fracture strength, and strain of foam core sandwiches registered superior response than their respective cores. The experimental results are found in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Finally, the failure mode of the printed sandwich is also discussed, and it is observed that none of the 3D printed syntactic foam core sandwiches fractured due to shear failure. © 2021 Elsevier LtdItem Material extrusion additive manufacturing of bioactive glass/high density polyethylene composites(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Jeyachandran, P.; Bontha, S.; Bodhak, S.; Balla, V.K.; Doddamani, M.Bioactive glasses (BAG) are renowned for their unique ability to bond with tissues and therefore are used extensively for bone repair and functional recovery. In this work, high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with BAG is processed using material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) for potential orthopaedic applications. The constituents are melt compounded by varying BAG proportions (5, 10, and 20 wt %) and subsequently extruded into filaments. DSC curves show an insignificant change in the peak melting temperature, increase in crystallization temperature, and a decrease in the crystallinity of HDPE with BAG addition. Warpage analysis confirms that the enhanced temperature parameters and BAG addition result in reduced warpage and improved dimensional stability. Rheological results show that the addition of BAG increases complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus. Melt behavior and print parameters are tailored to improve first layer adhesion and interfacial bonding rendering dimensionally stable prints without any print induced defects. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of printed samples show an increase in storage (E?), loss (E?) modulus, and a decrease in damping factor (Tan ?) with BAG addition. MEAM of the developed H/BAG composites shows a strong potential for developing customizable scaffolds and implants as bone replacements. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd