Faculty Publications
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Publications by NITK Faculty
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Item LEASE: Leveraging Energy-Awareness in Serverless Edge for Latency-Sensitive IoT Services(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Verma, A.; Satpathy, A.; Das, S.K.; Addya, S.K.Resource scheduling catering to real-time IoT services in a serverless-enabled edge network is particularly challenging owing to the workload variability, strict constraints on tolerable latency, and unpredictability in the energy sources powering the edge devices. This paper proposes a framework LEASE that dynamically schedules resources in serverless functions catering to different microservices and adhering to their deadline constraint. To assist the scheduler in making effective scheduling decisions, we introduce a priority-based approach that offloads functions from over-provisioned edge nodes to under-provisioned peer nodes, considering the expended energy in the process without compromising the completion time of microservices. For real-world implementations, we consider a testbed comprising a Raspberry Pi cluster serving as edge nodes, equipped with container orchestrator tools such as Kubernetes and powered by OpenFaaS, an open-source serverless platform. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the benchmarking algorithm, LEASE achieves a 23.34% reduction in the overall completion time, with 97.64% of microservices meeting their deadline. LEASE also attains a 30.10% reduction in failure rates. © 2024 IEEE.Item Metabolomic profiling of doxycycline treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(Elsevier B.V., 2017) Singh, B.; Jana, S.K.; Ghosh, N.; Das, S.K.; Joshi, M.; Bhattacharyya, P.; Chaudhury, K.Serum metabolic profiling can identify the metabolites responsible for discrimination between doxycycline treated and untreated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and explain the possible effect of doxycycline in improving the disease conditions. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was used to obtain serum metabolic profiles of 60 add-on doxycycline treated COPD patients and 40 patients receiving standard therapy. The acquired data were analyzed using multivariate principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). A clear metabolic differentiation was apparent between the pre and post doxycycline treated group. The distinguishing metabolites lactate and fatty acids were significantly down-regulated and formate, citrate, imidazole and L-arginine upregulated. Lactate and folate are further validated biochemically. Metabolic changes, such as decreased lactate level, inhibited arginase activity and lowered fatty acid level observed in COPD patients in response to add-on doxycycline treatment, reflect the anti-inflammatory action of the drug. Doxycycline as a possible therapeutic option for COPD seems promising. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.Item Graphene-mediated band gap engineering of WO3 nanoparticle and a relook at Tauc equation for band gap evaluation(Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2018) Baishya, K.; Ray, J.S.; Dutta, P.; Das, P.P.; Das, S.K.Engineering the band gap of semiconductors is often crucial in the quest for developing new and advanced technologies. In this report, the implication of graphene on the band gap optimization of tungsten trioxide (WO3) is discussed. Simple one-step sol–gel process was followed to anchor WO3 nanoparticles in graphene. Graphene induces a redshift in the band gap of WO3. Band gap narrowing of 6.60% is observed for 7 wt% graphene-tethered WO3. Interestingly, a profound difference is observed in estimating the band gap energy values following the usual Tauc equation. Our observation suggests that the differential form of Tauc equation is better suited to determine the band gap energy of inorganic semiconductors than the typical extrapolation method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item CoMCLOUD: Virtual Machine Coalition for Multi-Tier Applications over Multi-Cloud Environments(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Addya, S.K.; Satpathy, A.; Ghosh, B.C.; Chakraborty, S.; Ghosh, S.K.; Das, S.K.Applications hosted in commercial clouds are typically multi-tier and comprise multiple tightly coupled virtual machines (VMs). Service providers (SPs) cater to the users using VM instances with different configurations and pricing depending on the location of the data center (DC) hosting the VMs. However, selecting VMs to host multi-tier applications is challenging due to the trade-off between cost and quality of service (QoS) depending on the placement of VMs. This paper proposes a multi-cloud broker model called CoMCLOUD to select a sub-optimal VM coalition for multi-tier applications from an SP with minimum coalition pricing and maximum QoS. To strike a trade-off between the cost and QoS, we use an ant-colony-based optimization technique. The overall service selection game is modeled as a first-price sealed-bid auction aimed at maximizing the overall revenue of SPs. Further, as the hosted VMs often face demand spikes, we present a parallel migration strategy to migrate VMs with minimum disruption time. Detailed experiments show that our approach can improve the federation profit up to 23% at the expense of increased latency of approximately 15%, compared to the baselines. © 2013 IEEE.Item Geo-Distributed Multi-Tier Workload Migration Over Multi-Timescale Electricity Markets(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Addya, S.K.; Satpathy, A.; Ghosh, B.C.; Chakraborty, S.; Ghosh, S.K.; Das, S.K.Virtual machine (VM) migration enables cloud service providers (CSPs) to balance workload, perform zero-downtime maintenance, and reduce applications' power consumption and response time. Migrating a VM consumes energy at the source, destination, and backbone networks, i.e., intermediate routers and switches, especially in a Geo-distributed setting. In this context, we propose a VM migration model called Low Energy Application Workload Migration (LEAWM) aimed at reducing the per-bit migration cost in migrating VMs over Geo-distributed clouds. With a Geo-distributed cloud connected through multiple Internet Service Providers (ISPs), we develop an approach to find out the migration path across ISPs leading to the most feasible destination. For this, we use the variation in the electricity price at the ISPs to decide the migration paths. However, reduced power consumption at the expense of higher migration time is intolerable for real-time applications. As finding an optimal relocation is $\mathcal {NP}$NP-Hard, we propose an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based bi-objective optimization technique to strike a balance between migration delay and migration power. A thorough simulation analysis of the proposed approach shows that the proposed model can reduce the migration time by 25%-30% and electricity cost by approximately 25% compared to the baseline. © 2008-2012 IEEE.Item Slope stabilization of coal mine overburden dumps: life cycle environmental sustainability assessment of alternatives(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kumar, A.; Nainegali, L.; Das, S.K.; Reddy, K.R.; Mishra, A.The stability of coalmine overburden dumps is a crucial aspect and often requires a slope stabilization method in place to prevent slope failures. Mechanical methods like benching, gabion wall construction, geogrid reinforcement, and biological methods like the use of vegetation can suffice the need for slope stabilization. In this study, a life cycle assessment of the above-mentioned methods was performed to obtain the environmental impacts through various midpoint impact categories considering a “cradle-to-site” assessment. The system boundary for each method was created using the involved activities and associated equipment and energy needs. The Ecoinvent 3.0 database and TRACI assessment method were used to perform the life cycle impact assessment using SimaPro software. The results show that the use of vegetation caused the least impact. The highest impact under the majority midpoint categories was caused by geogrid reinforcement followed by benching, which was mostly attributed to the geogrid production and OB handling activities, respectively. The carcinogenic, followed by ecotoxicity and fossil fuel depletions, were the most impacted categories for the mechanical methods, which may be due to the release of chemical pollutants during material production or handling. Adherence to the overburden dump management guidelines and the use of renewable sources of energy are the two major aspects that can drastically curb the emission load on the environment, thus inching towards the goal of sustainability while adopting slope stabilization measures for overburden dumps. Besides imparting stability, plants provide a diverse solution to the other ills associated with the overburden storage and management. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.Item Root reinforcement of herbaceous vegetation for stabilization of coal mine overburden dump slopes(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Kumar, A.; Nainegali, L.; Das, S.K.; Reddy, K.R.Slope instability of coal mine overburden dumps poses significant challenges to mining safety and environmental sustainability. This study investigates the potential for root reinforcement offered by herbaceous vegetation (Dendrocalamus strictus and Cymbopogon citratus) for enhanced slope stability. A series of pot experiments were conducted to grow grasses with the coal mine overburden material. The survival and growth of grasses in the nutrient-devoid overburden are critical because they directly impact the effectiveness of root reinforcement. Therefore, the effect of amendment quantity on plant growth was assessed. A direct shear box test was conducted on the bare and rooted samples using a fabricated internal shear test assembly to determine the strength. The higher peak shear stress and dilatancy angle observed for the rooted specimens were due to the high root tensile strength mobilizing the shear stresses. The results of shear tests were subsequently employed in limit equilibrium slope stability analyses where material heterogeneity was considered to account for uncertainties linked to material properties. The deterministic analysis provided insights into the expected improvements in slope stability due to root reinforcement, offering a baseline for comparison. Meanwhile, the probabilistic analysis considered the variability in material properties, thus providing a more comprehensive understanding of the uncertainty associated with the slope stability assessment regarding the reliability index and probability of failure. By combining experimental investigations with rigorous analytical approaches, this study enhances our understanding of how grassroots reinforcement can enhance the stability of coal mine overburden dumps. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.