Faculty Publications

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Author: search.filters.author.Das, A.P.

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    Opportunistic Underwater Routing Protocols: A Survey
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Bhujange, K.; Nayeem, A.; Das, A.P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.
    Underwater Acoustics Sensor Networks (UASNs) play a significant role in the different underwater applications. Some underwater applications include underwater environment monitoring, mine detection, pollution monitoring, etc. UASNs exhibit several challenges like node movement, changes in link quality between nodes, low bandwidth, high bit-error rate, and high energy consumption. These challenges in UASNs make data delivery unreliable during routing. One of the solutions to achieve better performance during routing is using an opportunistic routing approach. In the opportunistic routing, the sender will forward the data to the set of neighbors so that at least a neighbor can receive and forward the data. Evaluating the neighboring nodes, selecting the set of the neighbors, and coordinating among the selected nodes to forward the received data is the significant steps in opportunistic routing. Thus, we consider the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach to select the best next-hops during routing. Therefore, we are making a detailed survey on protocols that apply TOPSIS to evaluate neighboring nodes’ multiple attributes. Then we discuss various clustering techniques used in the selection of the best next-hops. Finally, we discuss methods used to compute hold time to achieve coordination between cluster nodes. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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    Cluster Formation for Underwater Routing in UnetStack3
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Das, A.P.
    Underwater Acoustics Sensor Networks (UASNs) are utilized in a range of underwater applications, including sea habitat monitoring, offshore research, and mineral exploration. Due to the underwater current, low bandwidth, high water pressure, fluctuations in link quality between nodes, propagation latency, and error probability, underwater communication is challenging. Because of these difficulties, data transmission in UASNs is unreliable during routing. One strategy to improve routing speed is to use an opportunistic routing technique. The sender will transmit the data to the set of neighbours in opportunistic routing such that at least one neighbour can receive and forward the data. The main processes in opportunistic routing include evaluating the adjacent nodes, picking the group of neighbours, and coordinating among the selected nodes to transfer the received data. The optimum next-hops during routing are picked. The numerous properties of neighbouring nodes are analysed and the neighbouring nodes are used for forming clusters that are utilised to choose the best next-hops. In this paper, a novel approach for sensor node clustering technique for UASNs is proposed. Here, it is assumed that the neighbours of a sender node are already ranked. A suitable algorithm like TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is employed to search for the best next-hops and determines a set of candidates to be considered for cluster formation. The protocol has been implemented and simulated in UnetStack3, an agent-based network stack for underwater communication. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.