Faculty Publications
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Item Link Quality-based Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Routing is one of the fundamental tasks in any Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). There are many UASNs routing protocols, which are designed based on different factors. The link quality is one of the significant factors that influence the performance of routing in underwater communication. The major contribution of the paper is proposing and designing a Link Quality-based Routing Protocol (LQRP). The LQRP avoids beacons to measure the link quality or history of successful transmissions; instead, it uses physical characteristics of underwater such as temperature, salinity, pH, shipping activity, and wind speed. Further, LQRP compared with Link Quality Estimation based Routing protocol (LQER), through MATLAB simulations. © 2020 IEEE.Item Link and Void Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) are one of the emerging areas in the field of communication. There are several challenges in UASNs like energy-constrained nodes, low bandwidth, high propagation delay, high packet error rate, and communication void-node during routing. These challenges enormously causing problems to the delay-sensitive underwater applications. The major contribution of this paper is to design a routing protocol, which is referred to as the Link and Void Aware Routing (LVAR) protocol. LVAR protocol addresses the void-node problem by proactively avoiding such nodes during routing. Further, during routing sender selects the next-hop based on successful packet delivery probability. LVAR is implemented using a specialized underwater simulator -UnetStack. The performance of the LVAR protocol is compared with state-of-art Interference-Aware Routing(Intar) in terms of end-to-end delay and throughput. © 2021 IEEE.Item Hop-count Based Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Kumar, S.; Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is a prominent field in communications due to several applications. UASNs enable underwater data collection and monitoring in different applications. UASNs face several challenges like node mobility, low bandwidth, high energy consumption, and routing. The complexity of the underwater routing is increased due to node mobility. Several underwater routing protocols exist in the literature; they determine next-hop based on different criteria. Some criteria to select next-hop are link quality, residual energy, hop-count, etc. Many underwater routing protocols either use hop-count or hop-count as one of the criteria to choose next-hop. Such routing protocols result in lower hop-count, resulting in smaller end-to-end delays. These routing protocols are instrumental in the delay-sensitive applications where the end-to-end delay is the primary requirement. However, maintaining up-to-date information of the hop-count of nodes is one of the major challenges due to frequent changes in underwater topology caused due to the water current. This survey paper focuses on underwater routing protocols based on hop-count in selecting the next-hop. It focuses on updating hop-count information in various hop-count-based underwater routing protocols. © 2022 IEEE.Item Hop-based void avoidance routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks(Inderscience Publishers, 2023) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.More than 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. There is a need to explore the underwater in various applications like disaster detection, environmental monitoring, resource detection, etc. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are the prominent technology used in exploring underwater. UASNs faces challenges such as energy constraint on networks, increased routing complexity due to dynamic network topology, and void node results in increased complexity. The void node poses a major challenge in the routing of UASNs. A void node not being handled properly leads to a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR), higher end-to-end delay. This paper proposes a hop-based void avoidance routing (HVAR) protocol, which is a sender-based, void-avoidance routing protocol. HVAR efficiently distributes void node information in the networks and avoids data transmission to such nodes in the network. HVAR is implemented using UnetStack, and its performance is compared with the state-of-the-art Interference-aware routing (Intar) in terms of end-to-end delay, PDR, energy consumption, and throughput. © © 2023 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Item Cluster-Based Multi-attribute Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer, 2024) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks play a significant role in various underwater applications. There are several challenges in underwater communications like high bit-error-rate, low bandwidth, high energy consumption, void-node during routing, etc. Handling void-node during routing is a major challenge in underwater routing. There are well-known void-handling protocols like Energy-efficient Void-Aware Geographic Routing protocol, HydroCast, etc. However, these routing protocols require all neighboring nodes must be a part of the cluster which increases the overhead on clustering, or void-node has a part of the routing. This paper proposes an underwater routing protocol referred to as Cluster-based Multi-Attribute Routing (CMAR) to overcome these issues. It is a sender-based, opportunistic underwater routing protocol. CMAR uses the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to evaluate the suitability of the neighboring nodes and the basis for clustering process initialization. Through MATLAB simulations, the performance of the CMAR is compared with HydroCast in terms of the number of nodes selected in the forwarding set, number of clusters formed, number of times void-node becomes part of routing and transmission reliability. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.